Light sailing ship. Ship of the line (sailing)
Bomber ship
Sailing 2-, 3-masted ship of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. with increased hull strength, armed with smooth-bore guns. They first appeared in France in 1681, in Russia - during the construction of the Azov Fleet. Bombardier ships were armed with 2-18 large-caliber guns (mortars or unicorns) to fight against coastal fortifications and 8-12 small-caliber guns. They were part of the navies of all countries. They existed in the Russian fleet until 1828
Brig
A military 2-masted ship with a square rig, designed for cruising, reconnaissance and messenger services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns, crew up to 120 people. It had good seaworthiness and maneuverability. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. brigs were part of all the world's fleets
Brigantine
2-masted sailing ship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with a straight sail on the front mast (foresail) and an oblique sail on the rear mast (mainsail). Used in European navies for reconnaissance and messenger services. On the upper deck there were 6- 8 small caliber guns
Galion
Sailing ship of the 15th - 17th centuries, predecessor of the sailing ship of the line. It had fore and main masts with straight sails and a mizzen with oblique sails. Displacement is about 1550 tons. Military galleons had up to 100 guns and up to 500 soldiers on board
Caravel
A high-sided single-deck 3-, 4-mast vessel with high superstructures at the bow and stern, with a displacement of 200-400 tons. It had good seaworthiness and was widely used by Italian, Spanish and Portuguese sailors in the XIII - XVII centuries. Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama made their famous voyages on caravels
Karakka
Sailing 3-mast ship XIV - XVII centuries. with a displacement of up to 2 thousand tons. Armament: 30-40 guns. It could accommodate up to 1200 people. Cannon ports were used for the first time on the karakka and guns were placed in closed batteries
Clipper
A 3-masted sailing (or sail-steam with a propeller) ship of the 19th century, used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services. Displacement up to 1500 tons, speed up to 15 knots (28 km/h), armament up to 24 guns, crew up to 200 people
Corvette
A ship of the sailing fleet of the 18th - mid-19th centuries, intended for reconnaissance, messenger service, and sometimes for cruising operations. In the first half of the 18th century. 2-masted and then 3-masted vessel with square rig, displacement 400-600 tons, with open (20-32 guns) or closed (14-24 guns) batteries
Battleship
A large, usually 3-deck (3 gun decks), three-masted ship with square rigging, designed for artillery combat with the same ships in the wake (battle line). Displacement up to 5 thousand tons. Armament: 80-130 smoothbore guns along the sides. Battleships were widely used in the wars of the second half of the 17th century - the first half of the 19th century V. The introduction of steam engines and propellers, rifled artillery and armor led in the 60s. XIX century to the complete replacement of sailing battleships with battleships
Flutes
A 3-mast sailing ship from the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries, used in the navy as a transport. Armed with 4-6 cannons. It had sides that were tucked inward above the waterline. A steering wheel was used for the first time on a flute. In Russia, flutes have been part of the Baltic Fleet since the 17th century.
Sailing frigate
A 3-masted ship, second in terms of armament power (up to 60 guns) and displacement after a battleship, but superior to it in speed. Intended mainly for operations on sea communications
Sloop
Three-masted ship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. with straight sails on the forward masts and a slanting sail on the aft mast. Displacement 300-900 tons, artillery armament 16-32 guns. It was used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services, as well as a transport and expedition vessel. In Russia, the sloop was often used for circumnavigation of the world (O.E. Kotzebue, F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, etc.)
Shnyava
A small sailing ship, common in the 17th - 18th centuries. in the Scandinavian countries and in Russia. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. They were armed with 12-18 small-caliber cannons and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service as part of the skerry fleet of Peter I. Shnyava length 25-30 m, width 6-8 m, displacement about 150 tons, crew up to 80 people.
Schooner
A sea sailing vessel with a displacement of 100-800 tons, having 2 or more masts, is armed mainly with oblique sails. Schooners were used in sailing fleets as messenger ships. The schooners of the Russian fleet were armed with up to 16 guns.
While selecting wallpaper for my desktop, I came across several photographs of sailing ships flying the Russian flag. Surprised and interested me. And they forced me to raise materials on this issue. So the sailboats of Russia.
Bark "Kruzenshtern"
The Lajes und K company, which existed in Hamburg at the beginning of the 20th century, owned a total of 56 barges that had steel hulls and spars and excellent sailing performance. Their names traditionally began with the letter "P" - "Flying P". The last of them was the four-masted barque Padua, built in 1926 at the shipyard in Geestemünde. Until 1936, he transported saltpeter and phosphates from Chile and wheat from Australia to Germany, making two record crossings to Australia in 67 days with an average voyage duration of 88 days. At the beginning of the war, the barque was used as a cargo lighter, and when the fleet of Nazi Germany was divided, it was transferred as an indemnity to the Soviet Union.
In January 1946, the Soviet flag was raised on the ship, and it received a new name - in honor of the great Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846), commander of the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva".
The condition of the ship was not the best, there were no funds for repairs, and the Kruzenshtern served as a floating barracks until 1955, without going to sea. In June 1955, it was first deployed for testing. The bark easily completed all the given maneuvers, and it was decided to use it as a training vessel, equipped according to modern requirements. In 1959 – 1961 the ship was overhauled. It was equipped with two 588 kW diesel engines and all the necessary equipment.
From 1961 to 1966 "Kruzenshtern" is a research vessel of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Bark visited Bermuda, Jamaica, Gibraltar, Casablanca, Halifax and other ports with expeditions. Since 1966 - a training sailboat with a home port of Riga, since 1981. – Tallinn, and since 1991 – Kaliningrad.
“Kruzenshtern” is the winner of the Boston–Liverpool races in 1992 and 1994, showing a record speed of 17.4 knots. This was not the limit, but given the age of the ship, it was considered dangerous to develop high speed.
In 1993, the bark again underwent a major overhaul in Wismar (Germany) with the replacement of engines and the installation of the most modern navigation and communication systems. It is still one of the largest sailing ships in the world (only the sail-motor training ship “Sedov” is larger).
Now, on the motor-sailing barque “Kruzenshtern”, under the guidance of qualified mentors, cadets of nautical schools receive their first maritime knowledge and skills. Every year about 800 young men who choose a maritime specialty undergo internship here.
TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL DATA
Maximum length with bowsprit, m - 114.5
Length between perpendiculars, m - 95.5
Midsection width, m - 14.05
Side height, m - 8.5
Freeboard height, m - 2.22
Draft at full displacement, m - 6.85
Lightweight displacement, t – 3760
Displacement fully loaded, t – 5725
Maximum speed under engines, knots. - 9.4
Speed under sail, knots - up to 16
Power of two main engines, l. With. – 1600
Sail area, m2 – 3655
Navigation area – unlimited
Crew number – 70
Number of places for cadets - 203
Bark "Sedov"
The ship was built at the Krupp shipyard in Kiel (Germany) in 1921. Its first owner, Karl Winnen, named the ship after his daughter Magdalena Winnen. The vessel was designed and built for the purpose of transporting bulk cargo between European ports and South America, Australia, Southeast Asia and Oceania. In 1936, Karl Winnen sold this four-masted barque to the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping company. The new shipowner equipped the ship with quarters for 70 cadets and began using it as both a cargo ship and a training vessel. The bark was given a new name - "Commondor Jensen".
After the defeat of Nazi Germany and the end of the Second World War, in accordance with the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, the military and auxiliary German fleets were divided between the Allies. The Soviet Union, in order to compensate for the sailing ships lost during the war, received, in particular, the ship "Commodore Jensen", renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov (1877 - 1914).
On January 11, 1946, the sailing ship "Sedov" was transferred to the Soviet Navy as a training ship. He made his first sea voyage in this capacity in 1952.
Since 1957, "Sedov", remaining in the class of a training ship, began to perform the functions of an oceanographic vessel. During these studies, the crew and a team of scientists jointly erased many “blank spots” from the map of the Atlantic Ocean.
In 1965, the ship was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries for the purpose of training personnel of the fishing fleet. Riga became the home port of the Sedov. In the early 70s, the bark went through difficult times and almost died. Awaiting long-overdue repairs, the ship sat in Leningrad for almost four years and waited for its fate to be decided. The new owners essentially planned to scrap the barque, proving the futility of the idea of updating the training vessel. But more than 100 famous sailors and heads of maritime schools came to the veteran’s defense. At different times, each of them lived the same life with Sedov, sharing together the difficulties and romance of sailing travel. The initiative of the sailors was heard and the ship was sent for repairs to Kronstadt, where during six years of reconstruction the old 500-horsepower engine was replaced with a new one with a power of 1180 hp, electronic navigation equipment was supplied and places were equipped for 164 students. The ship was put into service again in 1981.
“Sedov” made its first voyage, now as the flagship of the training fleet of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries, to Denmark, where at that time the 300th anniversary of the birth of the Dane Vitus Jonassen Bering was celebrated.
In 1983, for the first time during its stay in the Soviet Union, the ship visited its home port of Bremerhavn, where our sailors invited former members of the sailing ship’s German crews, including one of its first owners, on board.
In 1984, "Sedov" made a voyage dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the founding of the city of Arkhangelsk. The voyage, which began in the Baltic, went around Scandinavia. In July, the sailboat arrived in Arkhangelsk, where the holiday began.
During this voyage, declared a voyage of peace, visitors to the Soviet barque "Sedov" signed the Sail of Peace. There was also the signature of the Danish cartoonist Herluf Bidstrup.
In 1986, the Sedov took part in its first international races and has since become a frequent participant, including the 1992 Columbus Regatta. Since 1989, in addition to domestic cadets, the ship has also accepted foreign adventure enthusiasts for training.
In April 1991, in connection with Latvia's independence, Russia transferred the ship from Riga to Murmansk and transferred it to the Murmansk State Technical University.
The Sedov, a four-masted barque, is the largest traditionally built sailing ship in the world and the second largest after the 5-masted Royal Clipper. The Sedov UPS is included in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest sailing ship that has survived to this day.
Despite its venerable age, the sailboat continues to participate in regattas.
TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Nationality: Russia
Home port: Murmansk
Year of construction: 1921
Shipyard: Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, Kiel
Vessel type: 4 mast barque
Case: steel
Displacement: 6148 t
Length: 117.50 m.
Draft: 6.70 m.
Width: 14.70 m.
Mast height (from waterline): 58 m
Sail area: 4.192 m²
Number of sails: 32 pcs
Wind power: 8.000 hp
Engine make: Vyartsilya
Engine power: 2,800 hp
Sailing speed: up to 18 knots
Hull length: 109 m
Tonnage: 3556 tons.
Sail area: 4192 m2
Crew: 70
Cadets: 164
At the end of the 80s, similar ships were built in Poland: “Dar Molodezhi” for the city of Gdynia, “Druzhba” for the city of Odessa, “Mir” for the city of Leningrad, “Khersones” for the city of Sevastopol, “Pallada” and “Nadezhda” for city of Vladivostok.
Training sailing ship "Mir" (training frigate)
The training sailing ship "Mir" was built in 1987 in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard. As one of five training sailing ships of this type. December 1, 1987 - the flag of the Soviet Union was raised on the stern flagpole of the Mir and then the ship arrived at its home port - Leningrad. State Academy named after. adm. S.O. Makarova (at that time the Leningrad Higher Marine Engineering School) became its shipowner. The first captain was V.N. Antonov.
From 1989 to 1991, the ship belonged to the Baltic Shipping Company, then the Academy again became the shipowner.
From the very beginning, the ship was designed and built as a training vessel, intended for sailing practice for cadets of the navigating department and taking part in sailing ship races.
At different times, from 70 to 140 cadets not only from the State Maritime Academy, but also from other maritime educational institutions of the former Union, as well as England and the USA, practiced on board the ship.
"Mir" actively participates in sailing ship racing. A significant event was the participation of the Mir in the international grand regatta Columbus 92, dedicated to the five hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. "Mir" came to the finish line of this race as an absolute winner. The prize was presented to the crew by King Juan Carlos I of Spain.
"Mir" took part in the Transatlantic regatta "Tall Ships 2000". "Mir" is the only "A" class vessel to win the main prize of this race two times in a row (2003 and 2004).
The training sailing ship "Mir" is the current symbol of maritime St. Petersburg, the bearer of the idea of international cooperation of port cities, a kind of ambassador of St. Petersburg in foreign countries.
According to the current last years In practice, Mir operates from April to October in the Baltic and North Seas, visiting 15 to 20 ports per season. Cadets of the State Maritime Academy and other maritime educational institutions undergo practical training on the ship.
Main technical characteristics:
Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 110 m
maximum width - 14 m
draft - 6.7 m
displacement - 2256 t
total engine power - 1100 hp.
mast height: foresail and mainsail - 49.5 m, mizzen - 46.5 m
sail area - 2771 sq.m.
crew (including 144 cadets) - 199 people
Training sailing ship "Nadezhda" (training frigate)
"Nadezhda" is a three-masted training ship owned by the Maritime State University named after. G. I. Nevelskoy (Vladivostok). Built in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard in 1991. Flag Russian Federation was raised on June 5, 1992.
This three-masted vessel was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has a full sail rig of the “ship” type. 26 sails are controlled exclusively by hand and are the main propulsion of the vessel. Two engines driving one adjustable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving port. The frigate has full sailing equipment.
The history of the Russian fleet knows several sailing ships with the name "Nadezhda". The modern frigate "Nadezhda" is a continuation of the life of sailing ships that left a good memory of themselves: as the first training sailing ship in Russia, as the first Russian ship to circumnavigate the world, as a ship whose name is given to straits, capes, and an island. In the history of the fleet there are few ships with such rich history, ships that served their Fatherland so well, leaving their mark both in military affairs and in science.
The sailboat has dozens of expeditions and voyages to different latitudes. Each sea voyage is a difficult test both for the ship itself, and for its crew, and for the cadets who are undergoing their sixth “floating” semester on the open sea. During long voyages, cadets not only perform all the ship’s work, participate in emergency situations, stand navigational watches on the bridge, but also study. Several basic subjects are studied on the voyage. According to the frigate captain, it is important to develop among cadets an understanding of the real scale of the World Ocean. For example, during the “around the world” trip with the participation of cadets, laser and acoustic sounding of the sea strata was continuously carried out, water samples were taken from various depths and subsequently analyzed. Laser sounding of the atmosphere was regularly carried out, for which there is a unique Lidar installation on board the sailing ship.
Currently, the frigate continues the glorious traditions of its predecessors and is used as a sailing training and scientific research vessel.
Performance characteristics
Maximum length (with bowsprit) – 109.4 m
Maximum width – 14.0 m
Maximum draft – 7.3 m
Displacement – 2,984 t
Engine power – 2x450 kW
Main mast height – 49.5 m
Sail area – 2768 sq.m.
Crew – 50 people
Number of places for trainees – 143
Training sailing ship "Pallada" (training frigate)
"Pallada" is a three-masted training ship owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok).
Named in honor of the frigate "Pallada" of the Russian navy, which in 1852-1855 sailed from Kronstadt to the shores of Japan with the diplomatic mission of Vice Admiral E.V. Putyatin. This three-masted vessel was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has full frigate-type armament. Two engines driving one adjustable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving the port. The adjustable pitch propeller can be moved to the so-called “feathering position” to reduce drag when sailing.
Frigate "Pallada" installed official record speed 18.7 knots for class “A” sailing ships. However, during the 2007-2008 circumnavigation of the world, the Pallada set a new record of 18.8 knots. This record was recorded in the logbook and also filmed, but not officially documented.
Currently, the frigate is used as a sailing training and research vessel.
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 6.6 m
Displacement - 2,284 t
Engine power - 2 × 419 kW
Mainmast height - 49.5 m
Number of sails - 26
Sail area - 2771 m²
Crew - 51 people.
Number of places for trainees - 144
Training sailing ship "Khersones" (training frigate)
"Khersones" is a three-masted training ship (a vessel with a full sailing rig), owned by the Kerch State Maritime Technological University (home port - Kerch).
Built in Poland at the Gdansk Lenin Shipyard in 1989. The first name was “Alexander Green”, but upon completion of construction, due to political and religious considerations, in honor of the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Rus', it was named “Chersonese”.
From 1991 to 2006, it was operated under lease by the travel company Inmaris as a cruise ship. Since 2006, due to a financial dispute between the lessee and the shipowner, operation has been discontinued, and the ship is laid up in the port of Kerch. The ship has not gone to sea since 2006.
Currently, the frigate is the flagship of the training fleet of the Kerch State Maritime Technological University. Although there is a dispute over the right to own the vessel between Rosrybolovstvo and the Russian Ministry of Transport. But on October 9, 2015, Khersones arrived to undergo repairs at the Sevastopol branch of the Zvezdochka CS. As of December 10, 2015, the frigate was docked for repairs.
Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 108.6 m
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 7.3 m
Displacement - 2,987 t
Main mast height - 51 m
The ship's power plant is two main Zultzer-Zigelski diesel engines with a total power of 1140 hp. s.(2 x 570)
Two-masted sail-motor schooner "Nadezhda"
There is a legend that the schooner, later known as Nadezhda, was the Sterna yacht of Felix Graf von Luckner, a German national hero during the First World War.
"Sterna" was built in 1912 in Leiderdorp (Netherlands) at the Gebrouders shipyard as a steel sailing logger for fishing. When built in 1912, the schooner was equipped with a two-stroke two-cylinder engine produced by Deutsche Werke with a power of 70 hp. With.
On August 2, 1927, the schooner was sold to Bernhard Heinecke of Hamburg, who converted her into a general cargo ship and renamed her Edelgard.
On July 3, 1936, the schooner was sold to Count Felix von Luckner. Luckner rebuilt the schooner, changing the bow, installed a new 140-horsepower main engine and converted it into a comfortable seaworthy yacht. The schooner received a new name “Seeteufel” (“Seeteufel” - German “Sea Devil”). Under this name and under the command of von Luckner, the schooner circumnavigated the world route from April 18, 1937 to July 19, 1939.
The ship's crew consisted of scouts and cartographers. Under the guise of a trip around the world, the main goal was to collect information about the ports of a potential enemy before the start of the war. The voyage was prepared by the propaganda and naval intelligence services of Nazi Germany.
In 1943, the schooner was purchased by the outstanding sea diver Hans Haas for the marine research institute he was creating. The schooner was supposed to become an expedition vessel and a base for underwater filming and photography. However, it turned out to be impossible to transfer the schooner from Stettin, where she was located at that time.
On February 12, 1947, the schooner was transferred as a trophy to the Naval Academy named after Lenin. K. E. Voroshilova. The schooner was named “Nadezhda” and, together with another schooner “Ucheba”, was included in the detachment of training ships of the Leningrad Naval Preparatory School. On June 14, 1948, the schooner was transferred to the Leningrad Nakhimov Naval School. On July 24, 1956, the schooner was transferred to the yacht club of the Leningrad naval base. In 1958, the schooner was renamed PKZ-134.
On June 18, 1958, she was expelled from the USSR Navy and transferred free of charge to the Central Yacht Club of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, receiving the name “Leningrad” and becoming the flagship of the yacht club. In 1962, the schooner underwent major repairs and re-equipment at the Almaz plant. A 3D12 diesel engine (300 hp) was installed as the main one, and a new pilothouse appeared, noticeably changing the silhouette of the schooner.
The schooner served as an internship for cadets of naval schools, students of the Children's Youth School, and oceanology students. The schooner repeatedly participated in filming by Soviet, Russian and foreign filmmakers, playing the roles of both frigates and Pomeranian schooners.
From 1970 to 1979, the schooner was the main participant in the city's Scarlet Sails alumni celebrations. After the city of Leningrad became St. Petersburg, in 1993 the schooner was returned to its former name “Nadezhda”. Due to financial difficulties and unsatisfactory technical condition, the schooner has practically not been used since 2005.
In 2009-2010, at the Rechnaya shipyard in St. Petersburg, work was carried out to repair the schooner's hull, the lower rooms were redesigned, the architecture of the hull above the main deck was changed, the standing and running rigging was replaced, new sails were sewn, the main engine was rebuilt, two new ones were installed diesel generator, new radio navigation equipment.
Since 2014 - Fund for the support, reconstruction and revival of historical ships and classic yachts of the St. Petersburg Yacht Club.
In 2004, the Felix von Luckner Society was founded in Halle. One of the goals of this society is “the repatriation of the schooner Seeteufel to Germany.”
Displacement - 180 (200) t
Length - 36 m
Width - 6.6 m
Side height - 3.5 (3.2) m
Draft - 2.8 m
Mast height - 22.0 m from overhead line
Number of sails - 9
Sail area - 340 (460) m²
Training sailing ship "Young Baltiets"
The training sailing ship "Young Baltiets" was laid down on February 4, 1988 at the Baltic Shipyard named after. S. Ordzhonikidze in the city of Leningrad. On June 2, 1989, the state flag of the USSR was raised on the ship.
The first independent exit from the plant's pier in May 1989. The ship's crew consists of 52 people, of which 32 are trainees, cabin boys aged from 12 to 18 years. In the summer of 1990, the sailing ship visited the ports of Germany: Kiel, Travemünde, Bremerhaven. After these visits, invitations began to arrive to participate in sailing festivals held in Germany. In 1993, in the Cutty Sark race, at the first stage in Group A, the ship took sixth place after well-known sailing ships like Mir, Kruzernshtern and Sedov. Abroad they began to show interest in the sailboat, because it turned out to be the only sailboat on which school-age children do internships. Over the years, "Young Baltic" has received many invitations from both Europe and America, and visited many European ports.
Performance characteristics:
Length – 48.4 m
Width – 8.4 m
Height – 36.0 m
Displacement – 441t/132t
Sail area – 500 sq.m.
Main propulsion power – 408 hp.
Speed under the main propulsion – 9.5 knots
Sailing speed – 10.5 knots
Crew – 20 people
Trainees – 32 people
A working replica of the historical frigate "Standart".
"Standart" is a copy of the frigate "Standart" from the time of Peter I, built by the non-governmental non-profit organization "Project "Standart".
In 1994, Vladimir Martus and an initiative group took up the construction of a historical replica of the ship. On September 4, 1999, the Shtandart was solemnly launched at the Petrovskoye Admiralty shipyard. The frigate is used by the non-governmental non-profit organization Project Standart.
The crew of the Shtandart is made up of volunteers, trained and prepared before the start of each voyage. In June 2000, the “Standard” set off on its maiden voyage along the route of the Grand Embassy - those cities and countries that Peter I visited while learning ship craft. At the beginning of 2012, the frigate "Standart" had been on twelve voyages around Europe, visiting 54 ports in 12 European countries. In 2009, the Shtandart sailed from St. Petersburg to the Norwegian port of Kirkenes, rounding the North Cape. From 2005 to 2009, he repeatedly entered the Neva waters to participate in the Scarlet Sails festival. “Standard” actively takes part in international sea regattas, festivals, and filming.
But in June 2009, “Standard” was presented to inspectors of the Russian River Register. During the dock inspection, registry inspectors identified a number of “significant” non-compliances with the requirements. To restore the vessel to the classification register, on June 18, 2009, the Russian River Register presented the shipowner with a requirement to eliminate all non-compliances with the Register rules before departure for the voyage.
The shipowner, the non-profit partnership “Project “Standard””, considering the requirements presented as fundamentally impossible to fulfill given the historical design of the vessel, decided to stop operating the vessel in the waters of the Russian Federation until the issues of Russian legislation on historical and traditional vessels are resolved.
Since 2009, “Standart” has been carrying out training voyages in the waters of European countries. The vessel has been tested for compliance with the safety standards of the German maritime administration BG Verkehr, and is certified by the Dutch Register of Historic and Sailing Ships Register Holland. On June 15, 2010, Shtandart applied to the Russian Maritime Register with a request to inspect the vessel as a sports sailing vessel according to the newly approved rules. But the review of documents has not been completed. The Shtandart is forced to remain outside the territorial waters of the Russian Federation.
The Shtandart is currently being used for the filming of the film Set Michiel De Ruyter.
A working replica of the historical battleship "Goto Predestination" ("God's Providence")
A historical copy of the Russian battleship “Goto Predestination” from the time of Peter I, built in 2011-2014. The ship is moored at Admiralteyskaya Square in Voronezh and is a museum ship.
At the beginning of 2010, we began to create drawings based on archival documents. The work on creating the project was complicated by the fact that most of the documents related to the construction of the battleship have not been preserved. When creating a replica of the ship, notes from the state archive, as well as paintings and engravings of the 18th century were used, and the design of the ship was based on a watercolor by Peter Bergman.
On June 15, 2011, the foundation board for the future sailboat was solemnly installed at the Pavlovsk plant. The wooden part of the ship was recreated from a watercolor by Peter Bergman painted in 1700. According to the designer of the superstructure, Alexander Tikhomirov, the same materials from which the original ship was built were used for its construction: pine and oak, and at least 100 years old.
On July 21, 2013, the lower part of the vessel from Pavlovsk with the help of 2 tugs along the Don and Voronezh rivers went to the Voronezh reservoir to Petrovsky Island, where it was moored on July 25. The next day the ship was moored to Petrovskaya embankment. At the end of August 2013, the upper part was sent from Petrozavodsk of the future ship In mid-September, installation of the superstructure began. At the end of December 2013, the ship was moved to Admiralteyskaya Square.
In January 2014, construction of the coastal parking lot for the ship began. In April, all the ship's masts were installed. On July 2, 2014, the ship set out on its maiden voyage for sea trials.
On July 27, 2014, on Navy Day, the ship “Goto Predestination” was inaugurated near the Admiralty Square in Voronezh. St. Andrew's flag was raised on the ship. After this, the ship set off on its first voyage, in which workers from the Pavlovsk shipyard who built the ship took part. During departure, a salvo was fired from the ship's cannons. The ship made a circle of honor and moored back to the pier near Admiralty Square. A total of about 40 people worked on the ship. It took a little over 3 years to create the vessel from the moment it was laid, while the original during the time of Peter the Great was built in just under 1.5 years.
In addition to the existing operational copies of the historical ships, there was another copy. Replica of the frigate "Holy Spirit".
A working replica of the historical frigate "Holy Spirit"
The Polar Odyssey club and the Karelia-TAMP company were recreated in 1992 shipyard"Vanguard".
According to historical fact, during the Northern Russian-Swedish War of 1700-1721, two small frigates “Courier” and “Holy Spirit” in August 1702 were dragged along the “Osudareva” road, 170 miles long through Karelian forests and swamps. The movement of ships and troops by land from the White Sea to Lake Onega was part of a military-strategic operation to capture the Noteburg fortress at the source of the Neva.
The remake of the ship had the approximate dimensions of its historical prototype and carried 6 bronze cannons on board. But unlike ships of the 17th century, the frigate was equipped with a 90-horsepower diesel engine.
Basic technical data of the remake:
maximum length - 26.8 m
cable length - 17 m
width - 5.2 m
draft - 2.5 m
displacement - 90 t
sail area - 280 sq. m
In 1992, "Holy Spirit" took part in the festival of wooden ships in the city of Kotka (Finland) and on the Alan Islands.
In the same year, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation determined the status of the ship as a military-historical vessel of the Russian Navy and issued a certificate to the frigate for the right to raise the St. Andrew's flag.
In 1993, the flagship of the Russian Historical Fleet "Holy Spirit" was recognized as the best ship of the naval parade in St. Petersburg.
In 1994, the frigate took part in the first international festival of sailing ships in Karelia, "Blue Onego-94".
But on October 20, 1994, the frigate "Holy Spirit", on its way to a festival in the city of Amsterdam, sank off the coast of Holland during a strong storm in the North Sea.
Also, at the moment, the historical shipbuilding shipyard "Poltava" is recreating the first large battleship of the Baltic Fleet, launched at the St. Petersburg Admiralty in 1712 - "Poltava".
Construction of the original 4th rank battleship Poltava began in 1709 and ended in 1712; construction lasted 3 years. Peter the Great took part in the design of the ship, and Fedosei Sklyaev supervised the construction.
A full-size replica of the Poltava ship was conceived in 2013 and is planned to be launched in 2016.
In the summer of 2013, the midship frame was laid, and the production of keel pieces and other frames began. The process was complicated by difficult weather conditions, it became clear that it was necessary to build a large hangar for the future ship. In early 2014, the hangar was built and work accelerated. Soon the keel was laid and the first frames were installed. The ship's hull and carved decorations are made of oak, the ship's spars are made of pine, and the planking is planned to be made of larch. The 54 guns that will be installed on the Poltava ship are cast at the plant from cast iron according to the regulations of 1715.
The shipyard's staff already consists of more than 130 professionals with experience gained during the construction of the frigate "Standart" or at the "Poltava" shipyard.
On May 1, 2014, the shipyard solemnly opened its doors to visitors, it became possible to go on an excursion and see how a real sailing ship of the Peter the Great era was built. Today, the shipyard hosts daily excursions, master classes and events on weekends.
Aak– (Dutch aak) - a single-masted flat-bottomed vessel,
used on the Lower Rhine for transporting wines. By design, it is a small clinker-built cargo ship with a semicircular hatch deck, flat-bottomed, without fore- or sternposts. By means of the bow and stern pieces, the ship's bottom at both ends was raised flat and obliquely, starting from the waist. It had no sideboards, carried a simple sprint sail and a foresail staysail. A short bowsprit made it possible to carry a jib, and usually the rigging of aaks was similar to that of coastal ships.
The oldest image of aak dates back to 1530.
Kölsche Aak, XVI.
Barque(Dutch bark) - a three-to-five-mast large sea sailing vessel for transporting cargo with straight sails on all masts except the stern one (mizzen mast), which carries oblique sails. The largest barges that are still in service are “Sedov” (Murmansk), “Kruzenshtern” (Kaliningrad).
Bark "Sedov"
Barquentine(schooner-bark) - a three- to five-mast (sometimes six-mast) sea sailing vessel with oblique sails on all masts except the bow (foremast), which carries straight sails. Modern steel barquentines have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped with an auxiliary engine.
Brig- (English brig) - a two-masted ship with straight sailing rigs of the foremast and mainmast, but with one oblique gaff sail on the mainsail - mainsail-gaff-trisail. In literature, especially fiction, authors often call this sail a counter-mizzen, but it should be remembered that a vessel with the sailing rig of a brig does not have a mizzen mast, which means there are no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the brig's mainsail-trisail is exactly the same the same as the frigate's counter-mizzen.
Brigantine(Italian brigantino - brig schooner, brigantina - mizzen) - a light and fast ship with the so-called mixed sailing rig - straight sails on the front mast (foremast) and with slanting sails on the rear (mainmast). In the 16th-19th centuries, two-masted brigantines were usually used by pirates (Italian brigante - robber, pirate). Modern brigantines are two-masted sailing ships with a foremast rigged like a brig and a mainmast with slanting sails like a schooner - a mainsail, trysail and topsail. A brigantine with a Bermuda grotto apparently does not exist in our time, although references to the very fact of their existence are found.
Galleon- a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with fairly strong artillery weapons, used both military and commercial. Galleons became most famous as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which took place in 1588. The galleon is the most advanced type of sailing ship that appeared in the 16th century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of caravels and carracks (naves) and was intended for long ocean voyages. 
Reducing the tank superstructure and lengthening the hull resulted in increased stability and reduced wave drag, resulting in a faster, more seaworthy and maneuverable vessel. The galleon differed from earlier ships in that it was longer, lower and straighter, with a rectangular stern instead of a round one, and the presence of a latrine at the bow, protruding forward below the level of the forecastle. The displacement of the galleon was about 500 tons (although for the Manila galleons it reached up to 2000 tons). The first mention of it dates back to 1535. Subsequently, the galleon became the basis of the fleets of the Spaniards and the British. The stem, strongly curved and extended forward, had decorations and was shaped like the stem of a galley. The long bowsprit carried a sail - a blind. The bow superstructure was moved back and did not hang over the stem, like a karakka. The stern superstructure, high and narrow, was placed on the cut-off stern. The superstructure had several tiers that housed living quarters for officers and passengers. The heavily canted sternpost had a transom above the load waterline. WITH back side the aft wall of the superstructure was decorated with carvings and balconies. Galleons were used until the 18th century, when they gave way to more modern ships with full sails.
Junk - (Malay djong, distorted Chinese chuan - ship), a wooden sailing cargo ship with two to four masts for river and coastal sea navigation, common in Southeast Asia. During the era of the sailing fleet, ships were used for military purposes; Modern trucks are used to transport cargo, and they are often used for housing. D. have a shallow draft, load capacity - up to 600 tons; characteristic features are very wide, almost rectangular in plan, raised bow and stern, quadrangular sails made of mats and bamboo slats.
Iol- (Gol. jol), a type of two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails. The position of the stern mast (behind the rudder axis) distinguishes the Iol from the ketch, in which the stern mast is located in front of the rudder axis. Some large yachts and fishing vessels have sailing rigs of the Iola type.
Caravel(Italian caravella) - 3-4 mast single-deck universal sailing wooden ship, capable of ocean voyages. The caravel had a high bow and stern to resist ocean waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last one had a forward sail. The caravel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492, Columbus completed his transatlantic voyage on three caravels. In addition to being seaworthy, the caravels had a high carrying capacity.
Karakka(Spanish: Carraca) - a large merchant or military three-masted sailing ship of the 16th-17th centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (usually 800-850) tons. Armament: 30-40 guns. The ship could accommodate up to 1,200 people. The ship had up to three decks and was designed for long ocean voyages. The Karakka was heavy on the move and had poor maneuverability. This type of vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 The carrack "Victoria" from Magellan's expedition circumnavigated the world for the first time. On the karakka, cannon ports were used for the first time and guns were placed in closed batteries.
Carrack "Victoria", recreated according to Spanish designs of the 16th century
Ketch, ketch(eng. ketch), a two-masted sailing vessel with a small stern mast located in front of the rudder axis. Some fishing vessels and large sports yachts have sailing rigs of the K type (Bermuda or gaff).
Flutes- a type of sailing vessel that had the following distinctive features:
* The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times greater than their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind.
* Topmasts, invented in 1570, were introduced into the rigging
* The height of the masts exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards became shortened, which made it possible to make narrow and easy-to-maintain sails and reduce the total number of upper crew.
The first flute was built in 1595 in the city of Hoorn, the center of Dutch shipbuilding, in the Zsider Zee Bay. The sailing rig of the foremasts and mainmasts consisted of a foresail and mainsail and corresponding topsails, and later on large flutes and topsails. On the mizzen mast, a straight cruising sail was raised above the usual oblique sail. A rectangular blind sail, sometimes a bomb blind, was installed on the bowsprit. For the first time, a steering wheel appeared on flutes, which made it easier to shift the rudder. The flutes of the early 17th century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a draft of 3 - 3.5 m, and a carrying capacity of 350-400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. Vessels of this type were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed, large capacity and were used mainly as military transport. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position on all seas.
Frigate- a three-masted military ship with a full sail rig and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse classes of sailing ships in terms of characteristics. Frigates trace their origins to light and fast ships that were used for raids in the English Channel starting around the 17th century. With the growth of naval fleets and their range, the characteristics 
The Dunkirk frigates ceased to satisfy the Admiralty, and the term began to be interpreted broadly, meaning, in fact, any light fast ship capable of independent action. Classic frigates of the sailing age were created in France in the mid-18th century. These were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with approximately two to three dozen 12-18 pound guns on one gun deck. Subsequently, the displacement and power of the frigates' weapons grew and by the time of the Napoleonic wars they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pound guns. The largest of them could be included in the battle line and were called linear frigates, like the battlecruisers of the 20th century. Like today's cruisers, frigates were the busiest type of ship in the sailing fleet. In peacetime, frigates, as a rule, were not laid up, like battleships, but were used for patrol and cruising service, combating piracy and crew training. The reliability and speed of frigates made them popular vessels for explorers and travelers. For example, the French traveler Louis Antoine de Bougainville circumnavigated the world on the frigate Boudeuse (Angry) in 1766-1769, and the famous frigate Pallada, on which Admiral E.V. Putyatin arrived in Japan in 1855 to establish diplomatic and trade relations, was built in 1832 as the personal yacht of Emperor Nicholas I. In the British Royal Navy, which, according to many accounts, had the largest number of frigates in the world, they had ranks from four to six.
Frigate "Holy Spirit"
Sloop(small corvette) (Gol. sloep, from sluipen - to slide) - a three-masted warship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries with a straight sail. Displacement up to 900 tons. Armament: 10-28 guns. It was used for patrol and messenger services and as a transport and expedition vessel. In addition, the type Sloop is called sailing equipment- one mast and two sails - forward (jib with Bermuda rig, jib with direct rig) and rear (mainsail and foresail, respectively).
Soviet sloop "Enterprise"
Schooner(English schooner) - a type of sailing vessel with 
at least two masts with slanting sails. According to the type of sailing rig, schooners are divided into gaff, Bermuda, staysail, topsail and topsail. A topsail schooner differs from a topsail schooner by the presence of a topmast and another additional straight sail - a topsail. Moreover, in some cases, topsail and topsail two-masted schooners (especially with a briefock) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails (gaff or Bermuda), a schooner can also be topsail (topsail). The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America. They had two masts with gaff sails and were used for coastal shipping. At the end of the 19th century, competition between steamships led to the need to reduce ship crews. Thanks to the simplicity of sailing equipment and ease of control, it was the schooners that were able to withstand this struggle. Mostly two- and three-masted schooners were built, less often four-, five- and six-masted ones. And in 1902, in the city of Quincy (USA), the world's only seven-masted schooner, the Thomas W. Lawson, was launched. The Thomas W. Lawson was designed to carry coal. Each of the seven steel masts, 35 m high, weighed 20 tons. They were continued by 17-meter wooden topmasts. The work of the sailors was facilitated by various mechanisms. The schooner, which had no engine, was equipped with a steam steering engine, steam winches, an electrical system and even a telephone network! After the First World War, when there were not enough merchant ships, the Americans, possessing excellent timber, built many wooden schooners of various sizes, having from three to five masts.
Yacht(Dutch jacht, from jagen - to drive, to pursue) - originally a light, fast ship for transporting important people. Subsequently - any sailing, motor or sail-motor vessel intended for sporting or tourist purposes. Most common sailing yachts.
The first mentions of sports sailing yachts date back to the 17th century. Modern usage of the term Yacht In modern usage, the term Yacht refers to two different classes of vessels: sailing yachts and motor yachts. Traditional yachts differed from work ships mainly in their purpose - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting the rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or sailing at low speeds when there is no wind. 
Sailing yachts
Sailing yachts are divided into cruising yachts, those with a cabin, those designed for long voyages and racing, pleasure yachts and racing ones - for sailing in the coastal zone. Based on the shape of the hull, a distinction is made between keel yachts, in which the bottom goes into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which increases the stability of the yacht and prevents it from drifting when sailing, shallow-draft yachts (dinghies), with a retractable keel (centerboard) and compromises that have a ballast and a retractable keel. There are double-hulled yachts - catamarans and three-hulled yachts - trimarans. Yachts can be single- or multi-masted with different sailing rigs.
Currently, a ship is called a warship. Tankers, bulk carriers, bulk carriers, passenger liners, container ships, icebreakers and other representatives of the technical fleet of civil or merchant fleets are not included in this category. But once upon a time, at the dawn of shipping, when humanity was still filling the white spaces on sailing directions with the vague outlines of new islands and even continents, any sailing ship was considered a ship. Each of them had guns on board, and the crew consisted of desperate young men who were ready to do anything for the sake of profit and the romance of distant travels. Then, in these turbulent centuries, a division into types of ships occurred. The list, taking into account modern additions, would be very long, so it is worth focusing on sailboats. Well, maybe we can add some rowing ships.
Galleys
Getting into them is an unenviable lot. In ancient times, such punishment awaited inveterate criminals. And in Ancient Egypt, both in Fincia and in Hellas they were already there. Over time, other types of ships appeared, but galleys were used until the Middle Ages. The main driving force was those same convicts, but they were sometimes assisted by sails, straight or triangular, mounted on two or three masts. By modern standards, these ships were not large, their displacement was only 30-70 tons, and their length rarely exceeded 30 meters, but in those distant times the size of the ships was not gigantic at all. The rowers sat in rows, according to historians, in no more than three horizontal tiers. The armament of galleys consists of ballistae and bow rams; in later centuries, these weapons were supplemented by artillery. The progress, that is, the speed of movement, was controlled by the overseers, setting the rhythm with special tambourines, and, if necessary, with a whip.
Barki
So, a barque (the name of the species comes from the Flemish word “bark”) is a ship with a number of masts from three to five. All its sails are straight, with the exception of the mizzen (stern mast) rigging. Barks are quite large vessels, for example, “Kruzenshtern” has a length of about 115 meters, a width of 14 m, and a crew of 70 people. Since it was built in 1926, when steam engines were already widespread, its design also includes an auxiliary power plant with a capacity of almost one and a half thousand kilowatts, loaded in two constant steps. The speed of the vessel even today does not seem low; under sail, the speed of this barque reaches 17 knots. The purpose of the type, in general, was common for the merchant fleet of the 19th century - delivery of mixed cargo, mail and passengers along sea lines.
Brigantine raises sails
In fact, the same barques, but with two masts, are called brigantines. All differ in their purpose and navigability. Brigantines stand out for their speed and lightness. The sailing rig is mixed, with straight sails on the foresail (front mast) and oblique sails on the mainsail. Favorite ship of pirates of all seas. Historical sources mention brigantines with the so-called “Bermuda mainsail”, that is, a triangular sail stretched between the luff line and the luff, but none of the surviving representatives of the species can boast of it. However, these nuances are of interest only to specialists.
Frigates
As the fleet developed, some types of warships appeared, others disappeared, and still others acquired a different meaning. An example would be a frigate. This concept survived later types such as ironclads, dreadnoughts and even battleships. True, a modern frigate roughly corresponds to the Soviet concept of a large anti-submarine ship, but it sounds shorter and somehow more beautiful. In its original sense, it means a three-masted ship with one artillery deck for 20-30 guns. Beginning in the 17th century, the adjective “Dunkirk” was added to the word “frigate” for a long time, meaning its predominant use in a separate zone of the naval theater of operations adjacent to the Pas-de-Calais. This type was distinguished by its speed. Then, as the range of autonomy increased, they began to be called simply frigates. The displacement is average for that time, approximately. The most famous Russian frigate was called "Pallada", on which in 1855 a glorious expedition was undertaken to the shores of East Asia under the command of Admiral E.V. Putyatin.
Caravels
“She passed like a caravel...” is sung in a famous pop song. It doesn't hurt to study the types of sailing ships before composing lyrics for future hits. The compliment turned out to be somewhat ambiguous. Not every girl wants to be compared to a lifting, large and rather heavy vessel. In addition, the caravel’s nose is raised high, which can also be seen as an undesirable hint.
However, in general this type certainly has good seaworthiness. It is most famous for the fact that Columbus made his expedition to the shores of the New World on three caravels (“Santa Maria”, “Pinta” and “Nina”). Externally, they can be distinguished by the mentioned raised tanks (bow superstructures), as well as by sailing equipment. There are three masts, a foresail with straight sails, and the rest with lateen (oblique) sails.
Purpose: long-distance sea and transoceanic voyages.
The Russian word “ship” is morphologically derived from the word “caravel”. It gave its name to the famous French passenger airliner, which was very beautiful.
Clippers
All types of ships are created for fast sailing and are not always remembered, but there are exceptions. Someone will say the word “cruiser”, and immediately everyone around will think something - some “Aurora”, others “Varyag”. Regarding clippers, there is only one option - “Cutty Sark”. This ship with a long and narrow hull went down in history for several reasons, but its main and most important quality was speed. Delivering tea from China, quickly bringing mail to distant colonies and carrying out especially delicate orders from the queen was the lot of clipper ships and their crews. And these ships carried out their work until the advent of steamships, and in some cases even later.
Galleons
Looking through the ancient types of warships, one cannot help but recall the Great Armada, which competed with the British fleet in the 16th century. The main unit of this formidable force was the Spanish galleon. No sailing ship of that time could compare with it in perfection. At its core, this is an improved caravel, with a reduced tank superstructure (that same “raised nose” has practically disappeared) and an elongated hull. As a result, ancient Spanish shipbuilders achieved increased stability, reduced wave resistance and, as a result, increased speed. Maneuverability has also improved. Other types of warships of the 16th century looked shorter and too tall next to the galleon (this was a disadvantage, such a target was easier to hit). The outline of the poop (stern superstructure) acquired a rectangular shape, and the crew’s conditions became more comfortable. It was on galleons that the first latrines (latrines) appeared, hence the origin of this word.
The displacement of these “16th century battleships” ranged from 500 to 2 thousand tons. Finally, they were very beautiful, they were decorated with skillful carvings, and the nose was crowned with a majestic sculpture.
Schooners
There are types of large ships that have become “workhorses”, designed to transport a wide variety of cargo. Schooners occupy a special place among them. These are multi-masted vessels, distinguished by the fact that at least two of their rigs are oblique. They are topsail, staysail, Bermuda or gaff, depending on which masts are equipped with oblique sails. It should be taken into account that the line between a two-masted topsail or topsail schooner and a brigantine is very arbitrary. This type has been known since the 17th century. It reached its greatest popularity in the American merchant fleet, in particular Wolf Larsen, the character of Jack London, and his crew hunt on a schooner. Compared to it, other types of ships are more difficult to control (According to J. London, this process is accessible even to a lone sailor). Most often, schooners were two- and three-masted, but there are cases when the equipment was much more numerous. A kind of record was set in 1902, when a ship with seven masts (Thomas Double Lawson, Quincy Shipyard) was launched.
Other types of ships
Photos of sailboats arriving at the international regatta from all over the world are published in newspapers, magazines and on websites. Such a parade is always an event; the beauty of these ships is incomparable. Barques, brigantines, corvettes, frigates, clippers, ketches, and yachts represent all types of ships that, fortunately, have survived to this day. This spectacle distracts from everyday life and takes the viewer to bygone centuries, full of adventure and romance of distant travels. A real sailor must master the art of sailing navigation, as they believe in many countries, including ours. Having climbed up the shrouds, unfurled the sails and breathed in the free wind of the sea, you can take your places at the modern control panels of dry cargo ships, bulk tankers and cruise ships. You can safely trust such a sailor with the fate of the cargo and the lives of passengers; he will not let you down.
The sailing ship appeared in ancient times. It is believed that the primacy belongs to the civilization of Egypt, which arose more than 6 thousand years ago.
Installing a sail on a boat was due to the need to overcome large spaces with minimal physical effort.
Centuries and millennia have passed. Primitive ships were replaced by different types of ships with one or more masts and a system of sails of different shapes.
A modern liner does not depend on the direction and speed of the wind, because it runs on the power of its engines, but a sailboat is still considered the most graceful vessel.
Structure of a sailing ship
A sailing ship is a structure consisting of a hull (or several hulls) where equipment, supplies, and crew are placed.
The horizontal area is called the deck. The front part of the hull is the bow, the rear part is the stern, the side restrictions are the left and right sides, the lower underwater part is the keel.
Also the main elements are:
- spar(masts with yards, gaffs, topmasts, boom, bowsprit);
- rigging– standing, running (various ropes, steel ropes, chains);
- sail(oblique, straight).
Gaff– this is a yard inclined at an angle to the mast, an oblique sail in the form of a trapezoid is attached to it; A geek– horizontal lower yard. Topmast is attached to the mast, being its continuation.
Bushpritom sailors call a wooden beam, which is an extension of the bow and is located at a slight angle to the sea surface; slanting sails are attached to it.
Standing rigging, as one can infer from its name, it is motionless. Such rigging gear firmly secures masts and topmasts; they are divided into:
- shrouds and forduns located on the sides (similar to rope ladders);
- stays that secure the masts at the front;
- backstays securing the bowsprit.
Running rigging when fixed, it is motionless, but when it is necessary to perform work on steering the vessel, it can move gear in space.
The following types of rigging are distinguished:
- tack(attaches the corner of the sail to the deck, bowsprit, boom);
- sheet(manages sailing equipment);
- halyard(raises the sail);
- bras(designed to rotate the yard in a plane parallel to the deck).
The classification of sails is based on several criteria. There are rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal shapes.
By location - across the hull or along - straight (mainsail, topsail, topsail) and oblique (staysail, jib - both are additional), lower sail and upper (lower foretopsail, upper foretopsail).
The main types of sailing weapons are shown in the photo.
There are also lateen sails - triangular in shape, which are attached with the long side to a yard, inclined relative to the mast at an angle of approximately 45-55 degrees.
Each tackle, in addition to the general, group name, also has an additional name, which indicates which element of the spar or sail it belongs to. Thus, the topmast of the first mast is the foremast; the sheet on a jib sail is a jib sheet.
Types of sailing ships
Sailboats are very diverse. They are distinguished by the number of masts, features of the sails, and purpose. The table will help you determine the type of ship.
| Vessel name | Purpose of the ship | Number of masts | Sails on masts | Additional characteristics of the vessel |
| Aak | Freight, transport | 1 | 2-3 straight sails | Dutch river boat; known since the 16th century; has a flat bottom. |
| Barque | Transport | 3, 4, 5 | Straight; on the mizzen mast - oblique | Initially a small, then a large sea ship (displacement 5-10 tons); built until the first quarter of the 20th century. It looks very impressive. |
| Barquentine | Cargo | 3, 4, 5, less often 6 | Straight only on the forward foremast; the rest are oblique; there is no gaff on the foremast. | Appearance - 50s of the 19th century. |
| Bombard or bombard ship | Military (shelling of fortresses and other fortifications on the coast) | 2, 3 | Straight and oblique on all masts. | 17th century – 19th century; equipment - from 6-12 large-caliber guns; mortars. Shallow-drafted to get as close to the shore as possible. |
| Brig | Convoy | 2 | Straight on the front background mast, straight and oblique on the second (main mast). | Had 10-20 guns; could row. |
| Brigantine | Used for pirate raids; 18th century - messengers, reconnaissance military ships. | 2-3 | Initially - lateen oblique sails; from the 19th century - straight on the foremast, oblique - on the mainmast. | Light vessel - small brig; could row with oars (the sails were removed). |
| Buer | Cargo for coastal navigation; in Russia - as an imperial pleasure boat. | 01.02.18 | Oblique | Appeared in the 18th-19th century. Russian fishermen from the north used ice boats mounted on skates (they moved along the ice). Later they began to use it as a sail on wheels for movement on dense sand. |
| Galleon | A combat, merchant ship, typical of the 16th-18th centuries. | 2-4 | Straight; on the mizzen mast - slanting. | A large seagoing vessel with a four- to seven-deck superstructure at the stern. Up to 80 guns on two decks. For its time it had the most advanced design. |
| Junk | A military ship, then a cargo ship. | 2-4 | Made from mats in the form of quadrangles, the yards are made from bamboo. | Distributed in southeast Asia. Used on rivers and for coastal navigation. Cargo weight – up to 600 tons. |
| Iol (or yol) | Military, fishing | 2 | Oblique | They appeared in Sweden at the very end of the 18th century, then in Russia. They were equipped with a cannon and falconets. The steering axis is located in front of the rear mast. |
| Caravel | Fishing, trading ship of the 13th-17th centuries. | 3-4 | Straight (first two masts), oblique. | They were part of the Spanish and Portuguese fleets and sailed on them. Features: high load capacity, seaworthiness, built-in stern and bow; could go against the wind. |
| Karakka | Military, trade (16-17th century). | 3 | Straight (fore- and main-masts), oblique (mizzen-mast). | A large ship with three decks, with a displacement of 1-2 thousand tons. It was equipped with cannons (30-40) and could take on board more than a thousand people. Karakka was part of Magellan's expedition. Invented in Genoa. |
| Karbas | Fishing, cargo, transport. | 1-2 | 2 straight sails per mast. | Place of use — Russian north (Pomors of the White Sea and others). |
| Ketch (ketch) | Fishing, sports. | 2 – (only main and mizzen masts) | Oblique | It differs in that the stern mast is located in front of the steering axis. |
| Clipper | Military (watch, reconnaissance). | 3-4 | Direct | Fast ship of the 19th century. It developed high speed due to its narrow hull, high masts and the presence of sharp contours on the hull. Displacement – up to 1.5 tons. |
| Lugger | Military (intelligence, messenger). | 2-3 | Direct | Created in France at the end of the 18th - mid-19th century. They were valued for their speed. Equipment - up to 16 guns. |
| Tender | Military auxiliary | 1 mast | Oblique | Used in the 19th – early 20th century. There was a retractable bowsprit and up to 12 guns. |
| Flutes | Military (transportation) | 3 | Maximum popularity – 16-18 centuries. High masts, short yards, up to 20 guns. | |
| Frigate | Combat | 3 | Straight, on the mizzen mast - oblique. | They were popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. Size is medium. Classic ships were created in France. A linear frigate was in demand. |
| Sloop | Military, expeditionary | 3 | Direct | Used in the 18th-19th century. An open battery with 25 guns was installed. |
| Schooner | Trade and cargo | 2-3 | Oblique | Homeland - England and Holland (17th century), but more widely used in the USA. |
| Yacht | Sports, tourist, can be personal | From 1 to several masts | Straight, oblique | Fast, light ship. |
A table with types of sailing ships showed how the appearance of ships changed, the relationship to the length and number of masts, and the sail structure.
Sailboats of Russia
Russia for a long time did not have access to the southern seas and the Baltic. The first ancient Russian ships sailed along the rivers. These were sailing and rowing single-masted boats.
In the north, Pomors went out into the cold seas on kochas with one sail.
Up to the 18th century. There was no navy in our country, and only on the orders of Peter I, who sailed first on a boat and then on a yacht, a shipyard was founded.
From there the first sailing battleship (battleship) went to sea. Later, many sailboats were built at foreign shipyards.
There are ships that have gone down in the history of our country.
The sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" off the coast of Antarctica
On the sloop Vostok, Russian explorers discovered Antarctica.
The legendary frigate Pallada, recognized as a model of perfection, is widely known thanks to the writer I. A. Goncharov who sailed on it.
The corvette "Vityaz" delivered N. N. Miklouho-Maclay - the first European - to the shore of New Guinea, inhabited by primitive Papuans.
Modern sailing ships
Modern sailing ships are widely known:
Conclusion
The age of iron ships with nuclear reactors could not remove majestic sailing ships from the sea routes. The latter not only help cadets master maritime skills in practice.
With their appearance, they awaken an interest in travel in children and teenagers and help them get in touch with history. geographical discoveries, as well as the military glory of our country.
