Famous discoverers of lands. The most famous travelers and their discoveries

11.02.2022

Everything that we now know was once discovered by people - pioneers. Some crossed the ocean for the first time and found a new land, someone became the discoverer of space, someone was the first to dive in a bathyscaphe into the world's deepest cavity. Thanks to the ten pioneers below, today we know the world for what it really is.

Leif Eriksson/Leifur Eiriksson is the first European of Icelandic origin who, according to some scholars, was the first to visit the continent of North America. Around the 11th century, this Scandinavian sailor lost his course and landed on some coast, which he later called "Vinland". Documentary, of course, there is no evidence of exactly in which part of North America he moored. Some scientists archaeologists claim that they were able to discover Viking settlements in Newfoundland, Canada.

Sacajawea, or Sacagawea / Sakakawea, Sacajawea is a girl of Indian origin, on whom Maryweather Lewis and his partner William Clark completely relied on during their expedition, the path of which ran through the entire American continent. The girl walked with these researchers more than 6473 kilometers. On top of that, the girl had a newborn baby in her arms. During this journey in 1805, Sacagawea found her lost brother. The girl is mentioned in the movie "Night at the Museum" and "Night at the Museum 2".

Christopher Columbus / Christopher Columbus - a navigator of Spanish origin who discovered America, but due to the fact that he and his expedition were looking for a sea route to India, Christopher believed that the lands he had discovered were Indian. In 1492, his expedition discovered Bahamas, Cuba and several other Caribbean islands. Christopher set sail for the first time at the age of 13.

Amerigo Vespucci is the man after whom the continent America was named. Although, in fact, Columbus made this discovery, it was American Vespucci who documented the “find”. In 1502, he explored the shores of South America, and it was then that the well-deserved fame and honor came to him.

James Cook / James Cook - a captain who managed to sail much further into southern waters than any of his contemporaries. Cook owns a proven fact about the falsity of the northern route through the Arctic from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It is known that Captain James Cook made 2 round-the-world expeditions, mapped the islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as Australia, for which he was later eaten by the natives. That's how gratitude is.

William Beebe is a 20th century naturalist explorer. In 1934, he descended 922 meters on a bathysphere and told people that "the world under water is no less strange than on another planet." Although how does he know how to live on other planets?

Chuck Yeager is a general in the US Air Force. In 1947, the first one broke the sound barrier. In 1952, Chuck flew at twice the speed of sound. Chuck Yeager, in addition to setting speed records, was a trainer for pilots of such space programs as Apollo, Gemini and Mercury.

Louise Arne Boyd/Louise Boyd known to the world also under the nickname "Ice Woman". She got this nickname thanks to her explorations of Greenland. In 1955, she flew over the North Pole and was the first woman to do so in an airplane. She also has the discovery of an underwater mountain range in the Arctic Ocean.

Yuri Gagarin / Yuri Gagarin - April 12, 1961, the first of all people living on our planet, was in space. His first flight lasted as much as 108 minutes. It was a real achievement in astronautics.

Anousheh Ansari is the first female space tourist. She made her flight in September 2006. To her achievements, one can add the fact that she was the first of all those who have been in orbit to blog on the Internet from space.

One of the important stages in the history of human development is the era of discoverers. The maps with the seas marked on them are being refined, the ships are being improved, and the leaders are sending their sailors to seize new lands.

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Era Feature

The term "great geographical discoveries" conditionally united historical events, starting from the middle of the 15th century and ending with the middle of the 17th. Europeans were actively engaged in the exploration of new lands.

For the emergence of this era, there were prerequisites: the search for new trade routes and the development of navigation. Until the 15th century, the British already knew North America and Iceland. Many famous travelers entered the history, among them were Afanasy Nikitin, Rubrik and others.

Important! The Prince of Portugal, Henry the Navigator, began the great era of geographical discoveries, this event took place at the beginning of the 15th century.

First Accomplishments

Geographical science of that time was in serious decline. Lone sailors tried to share their discoveries with the public, but this did not work, and there was more fiction in their stories than truth. Data on what and who discovered at sea or on the coastal strip were lost and forgotten, no one had updated the maps for a long time. Skippers were simply afraid to go to sea, because not everyone had navigation skills.

Heinrich built a citadel near Cape Sagres, created a school of navigation and sent expeditions, collecting information about the winds in the sea, distant peoples and shores. The period of great geographical discoveries began with his activities.

Among the discoveries of Portuguese travelers are:

Madeira Island,
west coast of africa,
Cape Verde,
Cape of Good Hope,
Azores,
Congo river.

Why was it necessary to find new lands

The list of reasons for the advent of the era of navigation includes:

active development of crafts and trade;
the growth of European cities during the 15th and 16th centuries;
depletion of known precious metal mines;
the development of maritime navigation and the advent of the compass;
interruption of the economic ties of Southern Europe with China and India after .

Important Points

Significant periods that went down in history, the times when famous travelers made their trips and expeditions:

The era of great geographical discoveries began in 1492, when America was discovered;

1500 - exploration of the mouth of the Amazon;
1513 - Vasco de Balboa opens Pacific Ocean;
1519-1553 - the conquest of South America;
1576-1629 - Russian campaigns in Siberia;
1603-1638 - exploration of Canada;
1642-1643 - visiting Tasmania and New Zealand;
1648 - study of Kamchatka.

Conquest of South America

Spanish and Portuguese navigators

At the same time as the Portuguese, famous travelers of Spain began to undertake sea voyages. , having good knowledge in the field of geography and navigation, suggested that the rulers of the country reach India by another route, following west across the Atlantic Ocean. The one who later discovered many new lands was given three caravels, on which brave sailors left the port on August 3, 1492.

Already by the beginning of October, they arrived at the first island, which became known as San Salvador, later they discovered Haiti and Cuba. It was Columbus' seminal voyage that put the Caribbean Islands on the map. Then there were two more, pointing the way to Central and South America.

Christopher Columbus - a mysterious person

First he visited the island of Cuba, and only then discovered America. Columbus was surprised to meet on the island a civilized people who had a rich culture, were engaged in the cultivation of cotton, tobacco and potatoes. Cities were decorated with large statues and large buildings.

Interesting! Everyone knows the name of Christopher Columbus. However, very little is known about his life and travels.

The birth of this legendary navigator is still being debated. Several cities claim to be the birthplace of Columbus, but this is no longer known for certain. He took part in boat trips mediterranean sea, and later went on large expeditions from his native Portugal.

Ferdinand Magellan

Magellan was also from Portugal. Born in 1480. Early left without parents, he tried to survive on his own, working as a messenger. Since childhood, he was attracted by the sea, attracted by the thirst for travel and discovery.

At 25, Ferdinand set sail for the first time. He quickly learned the maritime profession while staying off the coast of India and soon became a captain. He wanted to return to his homeland, talking about beneficial cooperation with the East, but he achieved results only with the coming to power of Charles the First.

Important! The era of great geographical discoveries began in the middle of the 15th century. Magellan warned her attack by making a trip around the world.

In 1493 Magellan leads an expedition west of Spain. He has a goal: to prove that the islands located there belong to his country. No one thought that the journey would become around the world, and the navigator would discover many new things along the way. The one who opened the way to the "South Sea" did not return home, but died in the Philippines. His team arrived at home only in 1522.

Russian pioneers

Representatives of Russia and their discoveries joined the orderly ranks of the famous European navigators. Several outstanding personalities have made a great contribution to the improvement of the world map, which are worth knowing about.

Thaddeus Bellingshausen

Bellingshausen was the first who dared to lead an expedition to the uncharted shores of Antarctica, and around the world. This event took place in 1812. The navigator set out to prove or disprove the existence of the sixth mainland, which was only talked about. The expedition crossed the Indian Ocean, Pacific, Atlantic. Its participants made a great contribution to the development of geography. The expedition under the command of Captain 2nd Rank Bellingshausen lasted 751 days.

Interesting! Previously, attempts were made to get to Antarctica, but they all failed, only Russian famous travelers turned out to be more lucky and stubborn.

The navigator Bellingshausen went down in history as the discoverer of many species of animals and more than 20 major islands. The captain was one of the few who managed to find their way, follow it and not destroy the barriers.

Nikolai Przhevalsky

Among the Russian travelers was the one who discovered most of Central Asia. Nikolai Przhevalsky always dreamed of visiting unexplored Asia. This continent beckoned him. The navigator led each of the four expeditions that explored Central Asia. Curiosity led to the discovery and study of such mountain systems as Kun-Lun and the ranges of Northern Tibet. The sources of the Yangtze and Huang He rivers, as well as Lob-nora and Kuhu-nora were investigated. Nikolai was the second explorer after Marco Polo to reach Lob-nor.

Przhevalsky, like others / travelers of the era of great geographical discoveries, considered himself a happy person, because fate gave him the opportunity to explore mysterious countries Asian world. Many species of animals described by him during his travels are named after him.

The first Russian circumnavigation

Ivan Kruzenshtern and his colleague Yuri Lisyansky firmly inscribed their names in the history of great discoveries in geography. They led the first expedition around the globe, which lasted more than three years - from 1803 to 1806. During this period, sailors on two ships crossed the Atlantic, sailed through Cape Horn, after which they arrived in Kamchatka along the waters of the Pacific Ocean. There, the researchers studied the Kuriles and Sakhalin Island. Their coast was clarified, and data on all the waters visited by the expedition were also entered on the map. Kruzenshtern compiled an atlas of the Pacific Ocean.

The expedition under the command of the admiral was the first to cross the equator. This event was celebrated according to tradition.

Exploration of the Eurasian continent

Eurasia is a huge continent, but it is problematic to name the only person who would discover it.

Surprise causes one moment. If everything is clear with America and Antarctica, the famous names of the great navigators are reliably inscribed in the history of their existence, then the man who discovered Europe did not get the laurels, because he simply does not exist.

If we discard the search for one navigator, then we can list many names who have contributed to the study of the surrounding world and took part in expeditions around the mainland and its coastal zone. Europeans are accustomed to consider themselves only explorers of Eurasia, but Asian navigators and their discoveries are no less in scope.

Historians know which of the Russian writers made a round-the-world trip, except for the famous navigators. It was Ivan Goncharov, who participated in the expedition on a military sailing ship. His impressions of the trip resulted in a large collection of diaries describing distant countries.

The Importance of Cartography

People could hardly navigate the sea without good navigation. Previously, their main reference point was the starry sky at night and the sun during the day. Many maps during the period of great geographical discoveries were dependent on the sky. Since the 17th century, a map has been preserved on which the scientist plotted all known coastal zones and continents, but Siberia and North America remained unknown, because no one knew how far they were and how far the continents themselves extended.

The atlases of Gerard van Köhlen were the richest in terms of information. Captains and famous travelers crossing the Atlantic were grateful for the charting of details about Iceland, Holland and Labrador.

Unusual information

preserved in history Interesting Facts about travelers:

James Cook became the first person to visit all six continents.
Seafarers and their discoveries changed the face of many lands, so James Cook brought sheep to the islands of Tahiti and New Zealand.
Che Guevara, before his revolutionary activities, was a lover of riding a motorcycle, he made a tour of 4 thousand kilometers, touring South America.
Charles Darwin traveled by ship, where he wrote his greatest work on evolution. But they didn’t want to take the man on board, and it was in the shape of the nose. It seemed to the captain that such a person would not be able to cope with a long load. Darwin had to be off the team and buy his own uniforms.

The era of the great geographical discoveries 15-17 centuries

Great pioneers

Conclusion

Thanks to the heroism and purposefulness of the sailors, people received valuable information about the world. This served as an impetus for many changes, contributed to the development of trade, the industrial sector, and the strengthening of relations with other peoples. Most importantly, it has been practically proven that it has a rounded shape.

Without the Russian pioneers, the map of the world would be completely different. Our compatriots - travelers and navigators - have made discoveries that have enriched world science. About the eight most notable - in our material.

Bellingshausen's first Antarctic expedition

In 1819, the navigator, captain of the 2nd rank, Thaddeus Bellingshausen led the first Antarctic expedition around the world. The purpose of the voyage was to explore the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, as well as to prove or disprove the existence of the sixth continent - Antarctica. Having equipped two sloops - "Mirny" and "Vostok" (under the command), Bellingshausen's detachment went to sea.

The expedition lasted 751 days and wrote many bright pages in the history of geographical discoveries. The main one - - was made on January 28, 1820.

By the way, attempts to open the white mainland were made before, but did not bring the desired success: there was not enough luck, or maybe Russian perseverance.

So, the navigator James Cook, summing up his second circumnavigation, wrote: “I went around the ocean of the southern hemisphere in high latitudes and rejected the possibility of the existence of the mainland, which, if it can be found, is only near the pole in places inaccessible to navigation.”

During Bellingshausen's Antarctic expedition, more than 20 islands were discovered and mapped, sketches of Antarctic species and animals living on it were made, and the navigator himself went down in history as a great discoverer.

“The name of Bellingshausen can be directly put on a par with the names of Columbus and Magellan, with the names of those people who did not retreat before the difficulties and imaginary impossibilities created by their predecessors, with the names of people who went their own way, and therefore were the destroyers of barriers to discoveries, by which epochs are designated, ”wrote the German geographer August Petermann.

Discoveries of Semenov Tien-Shansky

Central Asia at the beginning of the 19th century was one of the least explored areas of the globe. An indisputable contribution to the study of the "unknown land" - as geographers called Central Asia - was made by Peter Semenov.

In 1856, the main dream of the researcher came true - he went on an expedition to the Tien Shan.

“My work on Asian geography led me to a detailed acquaintance with everything that was known about inner Asia. In particular, the most central of the Asian mountain ranges, the Tien Shan, beckoned me to itself, on which the foot of a European traveler had not yet set foot and which was known only from scarce Chinese sources.

Semenov's research in Central Asia lasted two years. During this time, the sources of the Chu, Syrdarya and Sary-Jaz rivers, the peaks of Khan-Tengri and others were put on the map.

The traveler established the location of the Tien Shan ranges, the height of the snow line in this area and discovered the huge Tien Shan glaciers.

In 1906, by decree of the emperor, for the merits of the discoverer, they began to add a prefix to his surname - Tien Shan.

Asia Przewalski

In the 70s-80s. XIX century Nikolai Przhevalsky led four expeditions to Central Asia. This little explored area has always attracted the researcher, and traveling to Central Asia was his old dream.

Over the years of research have been studied mountain systems Kun-Lun , the ranges of Northern Tibet, the sources of the Yellow River and the Yangtze, basins Kuku-burrow and Lob-burrow.

Przhevalsky was the second person after Marco Polo to reach lakes-bogs Lob-burrow!

In addition, the traveler discovered dozens of species of plants and animals that are named after him.

“Happy fate made it possible to make a feasible study of the least known and most inaccessible countries of inner Asia,” wrote Nikolai Przhevalsky in his diary.

Around the world Krusenstern

The names of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky became known after the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

For three years, from 1803 to 1806. - this is how long the first circumnavigation of the world lasted - the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", having passed through the Atlantic Ocean, rounded Cape Horn, and then reached Kamchatka by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. The expedition refined the map of the Pacific Ocean, collected information about the nature and inhabitants of Kamchatka and the Kuriles.

During the voyage, Russian sailors crossed the equator for the first time. This event was celebrated, according to tradition, with the participation of Neptune.

A sailor dressed as the ruler of the seas asked Kruzenshtern why he had come here with his ships, because the Russian flag had not been seen in these places before. To which the expedition commander replied: "For the glory of science and our fatherland!"

Expedition of Nevelskoy

Admiral Gennady Nevelskoy is rightfully considered one of the outstanding navigators of the 19th century. In 1849, on the transport ship Baikal, he went on an expedition to the Far East.

The Amur expedition continued until 1855, during which time Nevelskoy made several major discoveries in the area of the lower reaches of the Amur and the northern shores of the Sea of Japan, and annexed vast expanses of the Amur and Primorye to Russia.

Thanks to the navigator, it became known that Sakhalin is an island that is separated by the navigable Tatar Strait, and the mouth of the Amur is accessible for ships to enter from the sea.

In 1850, the Nikolaevsky post was founded by the Nevelsky detachment, which today is known as Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.

“The discoveries made by Nevelsky are invaluable for Russia,” wrote Count Nikolai Muravyov-Amursky , - many previous expeditions to these lands could achieve European fame, but not one of them achieved domestic benefit, at least to the extent that Nevelskoy did it.

North Vilkitsky

The purpose of the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean in 1910-1915. was the development of the Northern Sea Route. By chance, the captain of the 2nd rank Boris Vilkitsky assumed the duties of the head of navigation. The icebreaking ships Taimyr and Vaygach put to sea.

Vilkitsky moved along the northern waters from east to west, and during the voyage he managed to draw up a true description of the northern coast Eastern Siberia and many islands, received the most important information about currents and climate, and also became the first who made a through voyage from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk.

The expedition members discovered the Land of Emperor Nicholas I. I., known today as Novaya Zemlya - this discovery is considered the last of the significant ones on the globe.

In addition, thanks to Vilkitsky, the islands of Maly Taimyr, Starokadomsky and Zhokhov were put on the map.

At the end of the expedition, the First World War began. Traveler Roald Amundsen, having learned about the success of Vilkitsky's voyage, could not resist exclaiming to him:

“In peacetime, this expedition would stir up the whole world!”

Kamchatka campaign of Bering and Chirikov

The second quarter of the 18th century was rich in geographical discoveries. All of them were made during the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions, which immortalized the names of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov.

During the First Kamchatka campaign, Bering, the leader of the expedition, and his assistant Chirikov explored and mapped the Pacific coast of Kamchatka and Northeast Asia. They discovered two peninsulas - Kamchatsky and Ozerny, Kamchatsky Bay, Karaginsky Bay, Cross Bay, Providence Bay and St. Lawrence Island, as well as the strait, which today bears the name of Vitus Bering.

Companions - Bering and Chirikov - also led the Second Kamchatka Expedition. The goal of the campaign was to find a route to North America and explore the islands of the Pacific.

In Avacha Bay, the expedition members founded the Petropavlovsk prison - in honor of the ships of the voyage "Saint Peter" and "Saint Pavel" - which was later renamed Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

When the ships set sail for the shores of America, by the will of evil fate, Bering and Chirikov began to act alone - because of the fog, their ships lost each other.

"Saint Peter" under the command of Bering reached the western coast of America.

And on the way back, the expedition members, who had many difficulties, were thrown by a storm onto a small island. Here the life of Vitus Bering ended, and the island on which the expedition members stopped to spend the winter was named after Bering.
"Saint Pavel" Chirikov also reached the shores of America, but for him the voyage ended more safely - on the way back he discovered a number of islands of the Aleutian ridge and safely returned to the Peter and Paul prison.

"Non-Yasak Lands" by Ivan Moskvitin

Little is known about the life of Ivan Moskvitin, but this man nevertheless went down in history, and the reason for this was the new lands he discovered.

In 1639, Moskvitin, leading a detachment of Cossacks, set sail for the Far East. The main goal of the travelers was to "find new unclaimed lands", to collect furs and fish. The Cossacks crossed the rivers Aldan, Maya and Yudoma, discovered the Dzhugdzhur ridge, which separates the rivers of the Lena basin from the rivers flowing into the sea, and along the Ulya river they entered the Lamskoye, or Sea of Okhotsk. Having explored the coast, the Cossacks opened the Taui Bay and entered the Sakhalin Bay, rounding the Shantar Islands.

One of the Cossacks said that the rivers in the open lands “are sable, there are a lot of animals, and fish, and the fish is big, there is no such thing in Siberia ... there are so many of them - just run a net and you can’t drag it out with fish ... ".

The geographical data collected by Ivan Moskvitin formed the basis of the first map of the Far East.

The great geographical discoveries are the most important period in the history of mankind from the end of the 15th to the middle of the 16th centuries. The brave pioneers of Spain and Portugal opened up new lands to the Western world, thereby laying the foundation for the development of new trade routes and connections between continents.

The beginning of the period of great geographical discoveries

Throughout the existence of the human race, many important discoveries were made, but only those that took place in the 16th and 17th centuries entered history under the name "great". The fact is that neither before this period of time, nor after it, none of the travelers and explorers could repeat the success of the medieval discoverers.

Geographical discovery is understood as the discovery of new, previously unknown geographical objects or patterns. It can be a part of the earth or a whole continent, a water basin or a strait, the existence of which on Earth was not suspected by civilized mankind.

Rice. 1. Middle Ages.

But why did the Great geographical discoveries become possible precisely between the 15th and 17th centuries?

The following factors contributed to this:

active development of various crafts and trade;
the growth of European cities;
the need for precious metals - gold and silver;
development of technical sciences and knowledge;
serious discoveries in navigation, the appearance of the most important navigational instruments - the astrolabe and the compass;
development of cartography.

The catalyst for the Great Geographical Discoveries was the unfortunate fact that Constantinople in the Middle Ages was under the rule of the Ottoman Turks, who prevented the direct trade of European powers with India and China.

Great travelers and their geographical discoveries

If we consider the periodization of the Great geographical discoveries, then the first who gave the Western world new routes and unlimited opportunities were the Portuguese navigators. The British, Spaniards and Russians did not lag behind them, who also saw great prospects in the conquest of new lands. Their names are forever included in the history of navigation.

Bartolomeu Dias - Portuguese navigator, who in 1488, in search of a convenient direction to India, circled Africa, discovered the Cape of Good Hope and became the first European to find himself in the waters of the Indian Ocean.
- it is with his name that they associate the discovery in 1492 of the whole continent - America.

Rice. 2. Christopher Columbus.

Vasco da Gama - Commander of the Portuguese expedition, who in 1498 managed to pave a direct trade route from Europe to Asia.

For several years, from 1498 to 1502, Christopher Columbus, Alonso Ojeda, Amerigo Vespucci and many other navigators from Spain and Portugal carefully studied north coast South America. However, acquaintance with Western conquerors did not bring local residents nothing good - in pursuit of easy money, they showed themselves extremely aggressively and cruelly.

Vasca Nuñens Balboa - In 1513, the brave Spaniard was the first to cross the Isthmus of Panama and discover the Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan - the first person in history who in 1519-1522 made a trip around the world, thereby proving that the Earth has the shape of a ball.
Abel Tasman - opened Australia to the Western world and New Zealand in 1642-1643.
Semyon Dezhnev - Russian traveler and explorer who was able to find the strait connecting Asia with North America.

Results of the Great geographical discoveries

The great geographical discoveries significantly accelerated the transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age, with its most important achievements and the flourishing of most European states.

What have we learned?

When studying the topic “Great geographical discoveries” in the 6th grade geography program, we learned briefly about the great geographical discoveries, their significance in world history. We also made a brief overview of the greatest personalities who managed to make important discoveries in the geography of the Earth.

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AMUNDSEN Rual

Travel routes

1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Yoa". R. Amundsen was the first to cross the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.

1910-1912 - Antarctic expedition on the ship "Fram".

On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four comrades on a dog sled reached the South Pole of the earth, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott by a month.

1918-1920 - on the ship "Maud" R. Amundsen passed through the Arctic Ocean along the coast of Eurasia.

1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile R. Amundsen made a flight on the airship "Norway" along the route Svalbard - North Pole - Alaska.

1928 - during the search for the missing expedition in the Barents Sea, U. Nobile Amundsen died.

Name on a geographical map

The name of the Norwegian traveler is given to a sea in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the coast of Canada and a basin in the Arctic Ocean.

The US Antarctic Research Station is named after the pioneers: Amundsen-Scott Pole.

Amundsen R. My life. - M.: Geografgiz, 1959. - 166 p.: ill. - (Travel; Adventure; Fantasy).

Amundsen R. South Pole: Per. from Norwegian - M.: Armada, 2002. - 384 p.: ill. - (Green series: Around the world).

Booman-Larsen T. Amundsen: Per. from Norwegian - M.: Mol. guard, 2005. - 520 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

The chapter dedicated to Amundsen, Y. Golovanov called "Traveling gave me the happiness of friendship ..." (pp. 12-16).

Davydov Yu.V. Captains are looking for a way: Tales. - M.: Det. lit., 1989. - 542 p.: ill.

Pasetsky V.M., Blinov S.A. Roald Amundsen, 1872-1928. - M.: Nauka, 1997. - 201 p. - (Scientific biographical series).

Treshnikov A.F. Roald Amundsen. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976. - 62 p.: ill.

Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. The Man Called by the Sea: The Tale of R. Amundsen: Per. from est. - Tallinn: Eesti raamat, 1988. - 244 p.: ill.

Yakovlev A.S. Through the Ice: A Tale of a Polar Explorer. - M.: Mol. guard, 1967. - 191 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich

Travel routes

1803-1806 - F.F. Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian circumnavigation under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern on the ship "Nadezhda". All the maps that were subsequently included in the "Atlas of Captain Kruzenshtern's trip around the world" were compiled by him.

1819-1821 - F.F. Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.

On January 28, 1820, on the sloops Vostok (under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen) and Mirny (under the command of M.P. Lazarev), Russian sailors were the first to reach the shores of Antarctica.

Name on a geographical map

A sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape in South Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, an ice shelf and a basin in Antarctica are named after F.F. Bellingshausen.

The name of the Russian navigator is the Russian Antarctic research station.

Frost V. Antarctica: History of discovery / Khudozh. E. Orlov. - M.: White City, 2001. - 47 p.: ill. - (Russian history).

Fedorovsky E.P. Bellingshausen: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2001. - 541 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the source of the novel).

BERING Vitus Jonassen

Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service

Travel routes

1725-1730 - V. Bering led the 1st Kamchatka expedition, the purpose of which was to search for a land isthmus between Asia and America (there was no exact information about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually discovered the strait between the continents in 1648). The expedition on the ship "Saint Gabriel" rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the strait (now Bering).

1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or the Great Northern Expedition. On the ship "Saint Peter" Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean, reached Alaska, explored and mapped its shores. On the way back, during wintering on one of the islands (now Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.

Name on a geographical map

In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, islands, a sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and one of the largest glaciers in southern Alaska bear the name of Vitus Bering.

Konyaev N.M. Revision of Commander Bering. - M.: Terra-Kn. club, 2001. - 286 p. - (Fatherland).

Orlov O.P. To unknown shores: A story about the Kamchatka expeditions undertaken by Russian navigators in the 18th century under the leadership of V. Bering / Fig. V.Yudina. - M.: Malysh, 1987. - 23 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Pasetsky V.M. Vitus Bering: 1681-1741. - M.: Nauka, 1982. - 174 p.: ill. - (Scientific biographical series).

The last expedition of Vitus Bering: Sat. - M.: Progress: Pangea, 1992. - 188 p.: ill.

Sopotsko A.A. The history of V. Bering's navigation on the boat "St. Gabriel" to the Arctic Ocean. - M.: Nauka, 1983. - 247 p.: ill.

Chekurov M.V. Mysterious Expeditions. - Ed. 2nd, revised, add. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 152 p.: ill. - (Man and environment).

Chukovsky N.K. Bering. - M.: Mol. guard, 1961. - 127 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

VAMBERI Arminius (German)

Hungarian orientalist

Travel routes

1863 - A. Vamberi's journey under the guise of a dervish through Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.

Vambery A. Journey through Central Asia: Per. with him. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAN, 2003. - 320 p. - (Stories about the countries of the East).

Vamberi A. Bukhara, or History of Mavarounnahr: Excerpts from the book. - Tashkent: Lit. and lawsuit, 1990. - 91 p.

Tikhonov N.S. Vambery. - Ed. 14th. - M.: Thought, 1974. - 45 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

VANCOUVER George

English navigator

Travel routes

1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver as a cabin boy and midshipman participated in the second and third round-the-world voyages of J. Cook.

1790-1795 - A round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored the northwestern coast of North America. It was determined that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and Hudson Bay did not exist.

Name on a geographical map

In honor of J. Vancouver, several hundred geographical objects are named, including an island, a bay, a city, a river, a ridge (Canada), a lake, a cape, a mountain, a city (USA), a bay (New Zealand).

Malakhovskiy K.V. In the new Albion. - M.: Nauka, 1990. - 123 p.: ill. - (Stories about the countries of the East).

GAMA Vasco yes

Portuguese navigator

Travel routes

1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened for Europeans a sea route to India around the African continent.

1502 - second expedition to India.

1524 - the third expedition of Vasco da Gama, already as Viceroy of India. Died during the expedition.

Vyazov E.I. Vasco da Gama: Discoverer of the sea route to India. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Camoens L., de. Sonnets; Lusiads: Per. from Portuguese. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 1999. - 477 p.: ill. - (Home library of poetry).

Read the Lusiads.

Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama: A Tale / Per. from English Z. Bobyr // Fingaret S.I. Great Benin; Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama; Zweig S. The feat of Magellan: East. story. - M.: TERRA: UNIKUM, 1999. - S. 194-412.

Kunin K.I. Vasco da Gama. - M.: Mol. guard, 1947. - 322 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Khazanov A.M. The secret of Vasco da Gama. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2000. - 152 p.: ill.

Hart G. Sea route to India: A story about the voyages and exploits of Portuguese sailors, as well as about the life and times of Vasco da Gama, admiral, viceroy of India and Count Vidigueira: Per. from English. - M.: Geographizdat, 1959. - 349 p.: ill.

GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich

Russian navigator

Travel routes

1807-1811 - V.M. Golovnin leads the round-the-world voyage on the sloop "Diana".

1811 - V.M. Golovnin conducts research on the Kuril and Shantar Islands, the Tatar Strait.

1817-1819 - circumnavigation on the sloop "Kamchatka", during which a description of a part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands was made.

Name on a geographical map

Several bays, a strait and a seamount, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on Kunashir Island are named after the Russian navigator.

Golovnin V.M. Notes of the fleet of Captain Golovnin about his adventures in captivity with the Japanese in 1811, 1812 and 1813, with the addition of his remarks about the Japanese state and people. - Khabarovsk: Prince. publishing house, 1972. - 525 p.: ill.

Golovnin V.M. Voyage around the world, made on the sloop-of-war "Kamchatka" in 1817, 1818 and 1819 by Captain Golovnin. - M.: Thought, 1965. - 384 p.: ill.

Golovnin V.M. Journey on the sloop "Diana" from Kronstadt to Kamchatka, made under the command of the fleet of Lieutenant Golovnin in 1807-1811. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 480 p.: ill.

Golovanov Ya. Etudes about scientists. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 415 p.: ill.

The chapter devoted to Golovnin is called “I feel a lot…” (pp. 73-79).

Davydov Yu.V. Evenings in Kolmov: The Tale of G. Uspensky; And before your eyes...: Experience of the biography of a sailor-marinist: [About V.M. Golovnin]. - M.: Book, 1989. - 332 p.: ill. - (Writers about writers).

Davydov Yu.V. Golovnin. - M.: Mol. guard, 1968. - 206 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Davydov Yu.V. Three Admirals: [About D.N. Senyavin, V.M. Golovnin, P.S. Nakhimov]. - M.: Izvestia, 1996. - 446 p.: ill.

Divin V.A. The Tale of a Glorious Navigator. - M.: Thought, 1976. - 111 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Lebedenko A.G. The sails of the ships rustle: A novel. - Odessa: Mayak, 1989. - 229 p.: ill. - (Marine library).

Firsov I.I. Twice Captured: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 469 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the source of the novel: Russian travelers).

HUMBOLDT Alexander, background

German naturalist, geographer, traveler

Travel routes

1799-1804 - Expedition to Central and South America.

1829 - a journey through Russia: the Urals, Altai, the Caspian Sea.

Name on a geographical map

Ranges in Central Asia and North America, a mountain on the island of New Caledonia, a glacier in Greenland, a cold current in the Pacific Ocean, a river, a lake and a series of settlements in USA.

A number of plants, minerals, and even a crater on the moon are named after the German scientist.

The university in Berlin bears the name of the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt.

Zabelin I.M. Return to descendants: A novel-study of the life and work of A. Humboldt. - M.: Thought, 1988. - 331 p.: ill.

Safonov V.A. Alexander Humboldt. - M.: Mol. guard, 1959. - 191 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Skurla G. Alexander Humboldt / Abbr. per. with him. G.Shevchenko. - M.: Mol. guard, 1985. - 239 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

DEZHNEV Semyon Ivanovich

(c. 1605-1673)

Russian explorer, navigator

Travel routes

1638-1648 - S.I. Dezhnev took part in river and land campaigns in the area of the Yana River, on Oymyakon and Kolyma.

1648 - a fishing expedition led by S.I. Dezhnev and F.A. Popov rounded the Chukotka Peninsula and reached the Gulf of Anadyr. Thus, the strait between the two continents was opened, which was later named Bering.

Name on a geographical map

A cape on the northeastern tip of Asia, a ridge in Chukotka and a bay in the Bering Strait are named after Dezhnev.

Bakhrevsky V.A. Semyon Dezhnev / Fig. L. Khailova. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 24 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Bakhrevsky V.A. Walking to meet the sun: East. story. - Novosibirsk: Prince. publishing house, 1986. - 190 p.: ill. - (Destinies connected with Siberia).

Belov M. The feat of Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Thought, 1973. - 223 p.: ill.

Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev - pioneer: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 444 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the source of the novel: Russian travelers).

Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Mol. guard, 1990. - 334 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Kedrov V.N. To the End of the World: East. story. - L.: Lenizdat, 1986. - 285 p.: ill.

Markov S.N. Tamo-rus Maclay: Tales. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 p.: ill.

Read the story "Dezhnev's Feat".

Nikitin N.I. Pathfinder Semyon Dezhnev and his time. - M.: Rosspen, 1999. - 190 p.: ill.

DRAKE Francis

English navigator and pirate

Travel routes

1567 - F. Drake took part in the expedition of J. Gaukins to the West Indies.

Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean.

1577-1580 - F. Drake led the second round-the-world voyage of Europeans after Magellan.

Name on a geographical map

The name of the brave navigator is the widest strait on the globe, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Francis Drake / Retelling by D. Berkhin; Artistic L. Durasov. - M.: White City, 1996. - 62 p.: ill. - (History of piracy).

Malakhovskiy K.V. Circumnavigation of the Golden Doe. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 168 p.: ill. - (Countries and peoples).

The same story can be found in the collection of K. Malakhovsky "Five Captains".

Mason F. van V. Golden Admiral: Novel: Per. from English. - M.: Armada, 1998. - 474 p.: ill. - (Great pirates in novels).

Muller V.K. Pirate of Queen Elizabeth: Per. from English. - St. Petersburg: LENKO: Gangut, 1993. - 254 p.: ill.

DUMONT-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar

French navigator and oceanographer

Travel routes

1826-1828 - circumnavigation on the ship "Astrolabe", as a result of which part of the coast of New Zealand and New Guinea was mapped, island groups in the Pacific Ocean were examined. On the island of Vanikoro, Dumont-D'Urville discovered traces of the lost expedition of J. Laperouse.

1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.

Name on a geographical map

The sea in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica is named after the navigator.

The French scientific Antarctic station bears the name of Dumont-D'Urville.

Varshavsky A.S. The Journey of Dumont-D'Urville. - M.: Thought, 1977. - 59 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

The fifth part of the book is called "Captain Dumont d'Urville and his belated discovery" (pp. 483-504).

IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad

Ibn al-Lawati at-Tanji

Arab traveler, itinerant merchant

Travel routes

1325-1349 - Departing from Morocco on a hajj (pilgrimage), Ibn Battuta traveled to Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then through Central Asia and Afghanistan he arrived in India, visited Indonesia and China.

1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.

1352-1353 - a trip to Western and Central Sudan.

At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scholar named Juzay, wrote the book "Rikhla", where he summarized the information about the Muslim world that he had collected during his travels.

Ibragimov N. Ibn Battuta and his travels in Central Asia. - M.: Nauka, 1988. - 126 p.: ill.

Miloslavsky G. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Thought, 1974. - 78 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Timofeev I. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 230 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Columbus Christopher

Portuguese and Spanish navigator

Travel routes

1492-1493 - H. Columbus led the Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. During the voyage on three caravels "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Nina" the Sargasso Sea, the Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti were discovered.

October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, is recognized as the official day of the discovery of America by Europeans.

During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coasts of South and Central America and the Caribbean Sea.

Until the end of his life, Columbus was sure that he had reached India.

Name on a geographical map

The name of Christopher Columbus is carried by a state in South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the United States.

In the United States of America there is Columbia University.

Travels of Christopher Columbus: Diaries, letters, documents / Per. from Spanish and comment. I. Sveta. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 515 p.: ill.

Blasco Ibanez V. In search of the Great Khan: Novel: Per. from Spanish - Kaliningrad: Prince. publishing house, 1987. - 558 p.: ill. - (Marine romance).

Verlinden C. Christopher Columbus: Mirage and Perseverance: Trans. with him. // Conquerors of America. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997. - S. 3-144.

Irving W. History of the life and travels of Christopher Columbus: Per. from English. // Irving V. Sobr. cit.: In 5 volumes: T. 3, 4. - M .: Terra - Book. club, 2002-2003.

Clients A.E. Christopher Columbus / Art. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2003. - 63 p.: ill. - (East novel).

Kovalevskaya O.T. Admiral's brilliant mistake: How Christopher Columbus, without knowing it, discovered New World, which was later called America / Lit. edited by T. Pesotskaya; Artistic N. Koshkin, G. Alexandrova, A. Skorikov. - M.: Interbuk, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biogr. F. Pavlenkov's library).

Cooper J.F. Mercedes from Castile, or Journey to Cathay: Per. from English. - M.: Patriot, 1992. - 407 p.: ill.

Lange P.V. The Great Drifter: The Life of Christopher Columbus: Per. with him. - M.: Thought, 1984. - 224 p.: ill.

Magidovich I.P. Christopher Columbus. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 35 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Reifman L. From the harbor of hopes to the seas of anxiety: The life and times of Christopher Columbus: East. chronicles. - St. Petersburg: Lyceum: Soyuzteatr, 1992. - 302 p.: ill.

Rzhonsnitsky V.B. Discovery of America by Columbus. - SPb.: St. Petersburg Publishing House. un-ta, 1994. - 92 p.: ill.

Sabatini R. Columbus: Novel: Trans. from English. - M.: Respublika, 1992. - 286 p.

Light Ya.M. Columbus. - M.: Mol. guard, 1973. - 368 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house of URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.

Chronicles of the Discovery of America: New Spain: Book. 1: East documents: Per. from Spanish - M.: Academic project, 2000. - 496 p.: ill. - (B-ka Latin America).

Shishova Z.K. Great voyage: East. novel. - M.: Det. lit., 1972. - 336 p.: ill.

Edberg R. Letters to Columbus; Spirit of the Valley / Per. from the Swedish L. Zhdanova. - M.: Progress, 1986. - 361 p.: ill.

Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich

Russian naturalist, the first explorer of Kamchatka

Travel routes

1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737, Krasheninnikov went to Kamchatka on his own, where until June 1741 he carried out research, on the basis of which he subsequently compiled the first Description of the Land of Kamchatka (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).

Name on a geographical map

An island near Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoe are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.

Krasheninnikov S.P. Description of the land of Kamchatka: In 2 volumes - Reprint. ed. - St. Petersburg: Science; Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamshat, 1994.

Varshavsky A.S. Sons of the Fatherland. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 303 p.: ill.

Mixon I.L. The Man Who...: East. story. - L .: Det. lit., 1989. - 208 p.: ill.

Fradkin N.G. S.P. Krasheninnikov. - M.: Thought, 1974. - 60 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Eidelman N.Ya. What is there beyond the sea-ocean?: A story about the Russian scientist S.P. Krasheninnikov, the discoverer of Kamchatka. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 28 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

KRUZENSHTERN Ivan Fyodorovich

Russian navigator, admiral

Travel routes

1803-1806 - I.F. Kruzenshtern led the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". I.F. Kruzenshtern - author of the "Atlas of the South Sea" (vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)

Name on a geographical map

The name of I.F. Kruzenshtern bears the strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeastern passage of the Korea Strait.

Kruzenshtern I.F. Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva. - Vladivostok: Far East. book. publishing house, 1976. - 392 p.: ill. - (Dalnevost. ist. b-ka).

Zabolotskikh B.V. To the glory of the Russian flag: The Tale of I.F. Kruzenshtern, who led the first trip of Russians around the world in 1803-1806, and O.E. Kotzebue, who made an unprecedented voyage on the Rurik brig in 1815-1818. - M.: Autopan, 1996. - 285 p: ill.

Zabolotskikh B.V. Petrovsky Fleet: East. essays; To the Glory of the Russian Flag: A Tale; The Second Journey of Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Classics, 2002. - 367 p.: ill.

Pasetsky V.M. Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern. - M.: Nauka, 1974. - 176 p.: ill.

Firsov I.I. Russian Columbuses: The history of the round-the-world expedition of I. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Lisyansky. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 426 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).

Chukovsky N.K. Captain Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 165 p.: ill. - (Honor and courage).

Steinberg E.L. Glorious sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky. - M.: Detgiz, 1954. - 224 p.: ill.

COOK James

English navigator

Travel routes

1768-1771 - round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Endeavor" under the command of J. Cook. The insular position of New Zealand has been determined, the Great barrier reef And East Coast Australia.

1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition led by Cook on the ship "Resolution" (to find and map the southern mainland) was not achieved. As a result of the search, the South Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, South Georgia were discovered.

1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" aimed to find the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The passage was not found, but were opened Hawaiian Islands and part of the coast of Alaska. On the way back J.Cook was killed on one of the islands by natives.

Name on a geographical map

The name of the English navigator named the most high mountain New Zealand, the bay in the Pacific Ocean, the islands in Polynesia and the strait between the North and southern islands New Zealand.

James Cook's first circumnavigation of the world: The Endeavour, 1768-1771. / J.Cook. - M.: Geographizdat, 1960. - 504 p.: ill.

Second circumnavigation of the world by James Cook: Voyage to the South Pole and around the world in 1772-1775. / J.Cook. - M.: Thought, 1964. - 624 p.: ill. - (Geographic Ser.).

James Cook's third circumnavigation of the world: Sailing in the Pacific 1776-1780. / J.Cook. - M.: Thought, 1971. - 636 p.: ill.

Vladimirov V.I. Cook. - M.: Spark of Revolution, 1933. - 168 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

McLean A. Captain Cook: History of geogr. discoveries of the great navigator: Per. from English. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 155 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).

Middleton H. Captain Cook: The famous navigator: Per. from English. / Il. A. Marx. - M.: AsKON, 1998. - 31 p.: ill. - (Great names).

Light Ya.M. James Cook. - M.: Thought, 1979. - 110 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Chukovsky N.K. Frigate Drivers: A Book of Great Navigators. - M.: ROSMEN, 2001. - 509 p. - (Golden Triangle).

The first part of the book is titled "Captain James Cook and his three voyages around the world" (pp. 7-111).

LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich

Russian naval commander and navigator

Travel routes

1813-1816 - circumnavigation on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the coast of Alaska and back.

1819-1821 - commanding the Mirny sloop, M.P. Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition led by F.F. Bellingshausen.

1822-1824 - MP Lazarev led a round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Cruiser".

Name on a geographical map

A sea in the Atlantic Ocean, an ice shelf and an underwater trench in East Antarctica, a village on the Black Sea coast are named after M.P. Lazarev.

The Russian Antarctic Research Station also bears the name of MP Lazarev.

Ostrovsky B.G. Lazarev. - M.: Mol. guard, 1966. - 176 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Firsov I.I. Half a century under sail. - M.: Thought, 1988. - 238 p.: ill.

Firsov I.I. Antarctica and Navarino: A Novel. - M.: Armada, 1998. - 417 p.: ill. - (Russian commanders).

LIVINGSTON David

English explorer of Africa

Travel routes

Since 1841 - numerous trips to the interior regions of South and Central Africa.

1849-1851 - Research of the area of Lake Ngami.

1851-1856 - Research of the Zambezi River. D. Livingston discovered the Victoria Falls and was the first European to cross the African continent.

1858-1864 - Exploration of the Zambezi River, Lakes Chilwa and Nyasa.

1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the sources of the Nile.

Name on a geographical map

The waterfalls on the Congo River and the city on the Zambezi River are named after the English traveler.

Livingston D. Travels around South Africa: Per. from English. / Il. author. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2002. - 475 p.: ill. - (Wind rose: Epochs; Continents; Events; Seas; Discoveries).

Livingston D., Livingston C. Traveling the Zambezi, 1858-1864: Per. from English. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 460 p.: ill.

Adamovich M.P. Livingston. - M.: Mol. guard, 1938. - 376 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Votte G. David Livingston: The Life of an African Explorer: Per. with him. - M.: Thought, 1984. - 271 p.: ill.

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biogr. F. Pavlenkov's library).

MAGELLAN Fernand

(c. 1480-1521)

Portuguese navigator

Travel routes

1519-1521 - F. Magellan led the first round-the-world voyage in the history of mankind. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast of South America south of La Plata, circled the continent, crossed the strait, later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippine Islands. On one of them Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was led by J.S. Elcano, thanks to which the only one of the ships ("Victoria") and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred and sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the coast of Spain.

Name on a geographical map

The Strait of Magellan lies between the mainland South America and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Boytsov M.A. Way of Magellan / Khudozh. S. Boyko. - M.: Malysh, 1991. - 19 p.: ill.

Kunin K.I. Magellan. - M.: Mol. guard, 1940. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Lange P.V. Like the sun: The life of F. Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world: Per. with him. - M.: Progress, 1988. - 237 p.: ill.

Pigafetta A. Journey of Magellan: Per. with it.; Mitchell M. El Cano - the first circumnavigator: Per. from English. - M.: Thought, 2000. - 302 p.: ill. - (Travel and travelers).

Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house of URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.

Travinsky V.M. Navigator's Star: Magellan: East. story. - M.: Mol. guard, 1969. - 191 p.: ill.

Khvilevitskaya E.M. How the earth turned out to be a ball / Art. A. Ostromentsky. - M.: Interbuk, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).

Zweig S. Magellan; Amerigo: Per. with him. - M.: AST, 2001. - 317 p.: ill. - (World classics).

Miklukho-Maclay Nikolay Nikolaevich

Russian scientist, explorer of Oceania and New Guinea

Travel routes

1866-1867 - travel to Canary Islands and in Morocco.

1871-1886 - the study of the indigenous people of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the Northeast coast of New Guinea.

Name on a geographical map

The Miklouho-Maclay Coast is located in New Guinea.

The Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences also bears the name of Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay.

Man from the moon: Diaries, articles, letters of N.N.Miklukho-Maclay. - M.: Mol. guard, 1982. - 336 p.: ill. - (Arrow).

Balandin R.K. N.N.Miklukho-Maclay: Book. for students / Fig. author. - M.: Enlightenment, 1985. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).

Golovanov Ya. Etudes about scientists. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 415 p.: ill.

The chapter dedicated to Miklouho-Maclay is titled “I do not foresee the end of my travels…” (pp. 233-236).

Greenop F.S. About the one who wandered alone: Per. from English. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 260 p.: ill.

Kolesnikov M.S. Miklukho Maclay. - M.: Mol. guard, 1965. - 272 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Markov S.N. Tamo - Russian Maclay: Tales. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 p.: ill.

Orlov O.P. Come back to us, Maclay!: A story. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 48 p.: ill.

Putilov B.N. NN Miklukho-Maclay: Traveler, scientist, humanist. - M.: Progress, 1985. - 280 p.: ill.

Tynyanova L.N. A friend from afar: a story. - M.: Det. lit., 1976. - 332 p.: ill.

NANSEN Fridtjof

Norwegian polar explorer

Travel routes

1888 - F. Nansen made the first ever ski crossing through Greenland.

1893-1896 - Nansen on the Fram ship drifted across the Arctic Ocean from the New Siberian Islands to the Svalbard archipelago. As a result of the expedition, extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen failed to reach the North Pole.

1900 - expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.

Name on a geographical map

An underwater basin and an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographical objects in the Arctic and Antarctic, are named after Nansen.

Nansen F. To the country of the future: The Great Northern Route from Europe to Siberia through the Kara Sea / Authoriz. per. from Norwegian A. and P. Hansen. - Krasnoyarsk: Prince. publishing house, 1982. - 335 p.: ill.

Nansen F. Through the eyes of a friend: Chapters from the book "Through the Caucasus to the Volga": Per. with him. - Makhachkala: Dagestan book. publishing house, 1981. - 54 p.: ill.

Nansen F. "Fram" in the polar sea: At 2 o'clock: Per. from Norwegian - M.: Geographizdat, 1956.

Kublitsky G.I. Fridtjof Nansen: His Life and Extraordinary Adventures. - M.: Det. lit., 1981. - 287 p.: ill.

Nansen-Heyer L. Book about the father: Per. from Norwegian - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986. - 512 p.: ill.

Pasetsky V.M. Fridtjof Nansen, 1861-1930. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 335 p.: ill. - (Scientific biographical series).

Sannes T.B. "Fram": Adventures of polar expeditions: Per. with him. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1991. - 271 p.: ill. - (Remarkable ships).

Talanov A. Nansen. - M.: Mol. guard, 1960. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Holt K. Competition: [About the expeditions of R.F. Scott and R. Amundsen]; Wandering: [On the expedition of F. Nansen and J. Johansen] / Per. from Norwegian L. Zhdanova. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Extraordinary travel).

Please note that this book (in the appendix) contains an essay by the famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl Fridtjof Nansen: A Warm Heart in a Cold World.

Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. What will you become, Fridtjof: [Tales about F. Nansen and R. Amundsen]. - Kyiv: Dnipro, 1982. - 502 p.: ill.

Shackleton E. Fridtjof Nansen - researcher: Per. from English. - M.: Progress, 1986. - 206 p.: ill.

NIKITIN Afanasy

(? - 1472 or 1473)

Russian merchant, traveler in Asia

Travel routes

1466-1472 - A. Nikitin's journey through the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at the Cafe (Feodosia), Afanasy Nikitin wrote a description of his travels and adventures - "Journey beyond the three seas."

Nikitin A. Journey beyond three seas Athanasius Nikitin. - L.: Nauka, 1986. - 212 p.: ill. - (Lit. monuments).

Nikitin A. Journey beyond three seas: 1466-1472. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2004. - 118 p.: ill.

Varzhapetyan V.V. The Tale of the Merchant, the Pinto Horse and the Talking Bird / Fig. N. Nepomniachtchi. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 95 p.: ill.

Vitashevskaya M.N. The wanderings of Athanasius Nikitin. - M.: Thought, 1972. - 118 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

All peoples are one: [Coll.]. - M.: Sirin, B.g. - 466 p.: ill. - (History of the Fatherland in novels, stories, documents).

The collection includes the story of V. Pribytkov "The Tver Guest" and the book of Afanasy Nikitin himself "Journey Beyond the Three Seas".

Grimberg F.I. Seven songs of a Russian foreigner: Nikitin: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2003. - 424 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the source of the novel: Russian travelers).

Kachaev Yu.G. Far away / Fig. M. Romadina. - M.: Malysh, 1982. - 24 p.: ill.

Kunin K.I. Over Three Seas: The Journey of the Tver Merchant Athanasius Nikitin: Ist. story. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2002. - 199 p.: ill. - (Cherished pages).

Murashova K. Afanasy Nikitin: The Tale of a Tver Merchant / Khudozh. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2005. - 63 p.: ill. - (East novel).

Semenov L.S. Travel of Athanasius Nikitin. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 145 p.: ill. - (History of science and technology).

Soloviev A.P. Journey beyond three seas: a novel. - M.: Terra, 1999. - 477 p. - (Fatherland).

Tager E.M. The Tale of Afanasy Nikitin. - L .: Det. lit., 1966. - 104 p.: ill.

PIRI Robert Edwin

American polar explorer

Travel routes

1892 and 1895 - two trips through Greenland.

From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.

Finally, R. Piri announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the traveler's death, when, according to his will, the diaries of the expedition were declassified, it turned out that Piri could not actually reach the pole, he stopped at 89˚55΄ N.

Name on a geographical map

The peninsula in the far north of Greenland is called Piri Land.

Piri R. North Pole; Amundsen R. South Pole. - M.: Thought, 1981. - 599 p.: ill.

Pay attention to the article by F. Treshnikov "Robert Pirie and the conquest of the North Pole" (pp. 225-242).

Piri R. North Pole / Per. from English. L. Petkyavichute. - Vilnius: Vituris, 1988. - 239 p.: ill. - (World of discoveries).

Karpov G.V. Robert Peary. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

POLO Marco

(c. 1254-1324)

Venetian merchant, traveler

Travel routes

1271-1295 - M. Polo's journey through the countries of Central and East Asia.

The memoirs of the Venetian about wanderings in the East made up the famous "Book of Marco Polo" (1298), which for almost 600 years remained the most important source of information for the West about China and other Asian countries.

Polo M. A book about the diversity of the world / Per. from old French I.P. Minaeva; Foreword H.L. Borges. - St. Petersburg: Amphora, 1999. - 381 p.: ill. - (Personal library of Borges).

Polo M. Book of Wonders: An excerpt from the "Book of Wonders of the World" from the Nat. libraries of France: Per. from fr. - M.: White City, 2003. - 223 p.: ill.

Davidson E., Davis G. Son of Heaven: The Wanderings of Marco Polo / Per. from English. M. Kondratiev. - SPb.: ABC: Terra - Book. club, 1997. - 397 p. - (New Earth: Fantasy).

A novel-fantasy on the theme of the wanderings of a Venetian merchant.

Maink W. The Amazing Adventures of Marco Polo: [Ist. story] / Abbr. per. with him. L. Lungina. - St. Petersburg: Brask: Epoch, 1993. - 303 p.: ill. - (Version).

Pesotskaya T.E. Treasures of a Venetian merchant: How Marco Polo wandered around the East a quarter of a century ago and wrote a famous book about various miracles that no one wanted to believe in / Khudozh. I. Oleinikov. - M.: Interbuk, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).

Pronin V. Life of the great Venetian traveler Messer Marco Polo / Khudozh. Yu.Saevich. - M.: Kron-Press, 1993. - 159 p.: ill.

Tolstikov A.Ya. Marco Polo: Venetian Wanderer / Art. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2004. - 63 p.: ill. - (East novel).

Hart G. Venetian Marco Polo: Per. from English. - M.: TERRA-Kn. club, 1999. - 303 p. - (Portraits).

Shklovsky V.B. Land Scout - Marco Polo: East. story. - M.: Mol. guard, 1969. - 223 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Aers J. Marco Polo: Per. from fr. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998. - 348 p.: ill. - (Mark on history).

Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich

Russian geographer, explorer of Central Asia

Travel routes

1867-1868 - research expeditions in the Amur region and the Ussuri region.

1870-1885 - 4 expeditions to Central Asia.

The scientific results of the expeditions N.M. Przhevalsky outlined in a number of books, giving a detailed description of the relief, climate, vegetation and wildlife of the studied territories.

Name on a geographical map

The name of the Russian geographer is given to a ridge in Central Asia and a city in the southeastern part of the Issyk-Kul region (Kyrgyzstan).

The wild horse, first described by the scientist, is called Przewalski's horse.

Przhevalsky N.M. Journey in the Ussuri region, 1867-1869 - Vladivostok: Far East. book. publishing house, 1990. - 328 p.: ill.

Przhevalsky N.M. Travel in Asia. - M.: Armada-press, 2001. - 343 p.: ill. - (Green series: Around the world).

Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. - Smolensk: Mosk. worker: Smolenskoe department, 1989. - 143 p.: ill.

Golovanov Ya. Etudes about scientists. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 415 p.: ill.

The chapter devoted to Przhevalsky is called "The exceptional good is freedom ..." (pp. 272-275).

Grimailo Ya.V. Great Pathfinder: A Tale. - Ed. 2nd, revised. and additional - Kyiv: Young, 1989. - 314 p.: ill.

Kozlov I.V. Great Traveler: The life and work of N.M. Przhevalsky, the first researcher of the nature of Central Asia. - M.: Thought, 1985. - 144 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biogr. F. Pavlenkov's library).

Overclocking L.E. “Ascetics are needed like the sun…” // Razgon L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - S. 35-72.

Repin L.B. “And again I return ...”: Przhevalsky: Pages of life. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 175 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Khmelnitsky S.I. Przhevalsky. - M.: Mol. guard, 1950. - 175 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Yusov B.V. N.M. Przhevalsky: Prince. for students. - M.: Enlightenment, 1985. - 95 p.: ill. - (People of science).

PRONCHISHCHEV Vasily Vasilievich

Russian navigator

Travel routes

1735-1736 - VV Pronchishchev took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. A detachment under his command explored the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena to Cape Thaddeus (Taimyr).

Name on a geographical map

A part of the eastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, a ridge (hill) in the north-west of Yakutia and a bay in the Laptev Sea bear the name of V.V. Pronchishchev.

Golubev G.N. “Descendants for the news…”: Ist.-dokum. story. - M.: Det. lit., 1986. - 255 p.: ill.

Krutogorov Yu.A. Where Neptune Leads: East. story. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 270 p.: ill.

SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY Petr Petrovich

(before 1906 - Semyonov)

Russian scientist, researcher of Asia

Travel routes

1856-1857 - Expedition to the Tien Shan.

1888 - expedition to Turkestan and the Transcaspian region.

Name on a geographical map

A ridge in Nanshan, a glacier and a peak in the Tien Shan, mountains in Alaska and Svalbard are named after Semenov-Tyan-Shansky.

Semenov-Tyan-Shansky P.P. Journey to the Tien Shan: 1856-1857. - M.: Geografgiz, 1958. - 277 p.: ill.

Aldan-Semenov A.I. For you, Russia: Tales. - M.: Sovremennik, 1983. - 320 p.: ill.

Aldan-Semenov A.I. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Mol. guard, 1965. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Antoshko Ya., Solovyov A. At the origins of Jaksart. - M.: Thought, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Dyadyuchenko L.B. Pearl in the wall of the barracks: a novel-chronicle. - Frunze: Mektep, 1986. - 218 p.: ill.

Kozlov I.V. Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Enlightenment, 1983. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).

Kozlov I.V., Kozlova A.V. Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky: 1827-1914. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 267 p.: ill. - (Scientific biographical series).

Overclocking L.E. Tien Shan // Acceleration L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - S. 9-34.

SCOTT Robert Falcon

English explorer of Antarctica

Travel routes

1901-1904 - Antarctic expedition on the ship "Discovery". As a result of this expedition, King Edward VII Land, the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ross Ice Shelf were discovered, and Victoria Land was explored.

1910-1912 - Expedition of R. Scott to Antarctica on the ship "Terra-Nova".

January 18, 1912 (33 days later than R. Amundsen) Scott and four of his companions reached the South Pole. On the way back, all travelers died.

Name on a geographical map

An island and two glaciers off the coast of Antarctica, part of the western coast of Victoria Land (Scott Coast) and mountains on Enderby Land are named after Robert Scott.

The US Antarctic Research Station is named after the first explorers of the South Pole - "Amundsen-Scott Pole".

The name of the polar traveler is also the New Zealand scientific station on the coast of the Ross Sea in Antarctica and the Institute of Polar Research in Cambridge.

The last expedition of R. Scott: Personal diaries of Captain R. Scott, which he kept during the expedition to the South Pole. - M.: Geographizdat, 1955. - 408 p.: ill.

Golovanov Ya. Etudes about scientists. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 415 p.: ill.

The chapter dedicated to Scott is called "Fight to the last cracker ..." (pp. 290-293).

Ladlem G. Captain Scott: Per. from English. - Ed. 2nd, rev. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989. - 287 p.: ill.

Priestley R. Antarctic Odyssey: Northern party of R. Scott's expedition: Per. from English. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985. - 360 p.: ill.

Holt K. Contest; Wandering: Per. from Norwegian - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Extraordinary travel).

Cherry-Garrard E. The most terrible journey: Per. from English. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1991. - 551 p.: ill.

STANLEY (STANLEY) Henry Morton

(real name and surname - John R o l e n d s)

journalist, African researcher

Travel routes

1871-1872 - G. M. Stanley, as a correspondent for the New York Herald, participated in the search for the missing D. Livingston. The expedition was successful: the great explorer of Africa was found near Lake Tanganyika.

1874-1877 - GM Stanley crosses the African continent twice. Explores Lake Victoria, the Congo River, looking for the source of the Nile.

1887-1889 - G. M. Stanley leads an English expedition that crosses Africa from West to East, and explores the Aruvimi River.

Name on a geographical map

In honor of G. M. Stanley, waterfalls in the upper reaches of the Congo River are named.

Stanley G.M. In the wilds of Africa: Per. from English. - M.: Geographizdat, 1958. - 446 p.: ill.

Karpov G.V. Henry Stanley. - M.: Geografgiz, 1958. - 56 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biogr. F. Pavlenkov's library).

KHABAROV Erofey Pavlovich

(c. 1603, according to other sources, c. 1610 - after 1667, according to other sources, after 1671)

Russian explorer and navigator, explorer of the Amur region

Travel routes

1649-1653 - E.P. Khabarov made a number of campaigns in the Amur region, compiled a “Drawing of the Amur River”.

Name on a geographical map

A city and a region in the Far East are named after the Russian explorer, as well as railroad station Erofey Pavlovich on the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Leontieva G.A. Explorer Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov: Book. for students. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991. - 143 p.: ill.

Romanenko D.I. Erofei Khabarov: A novel. - Khabarovsk: Prince. publishing house, 1990. - 301 p.: ill. - (Far East library).

Safronov F.G. Erofey Khabarov. - Khabarovsk: Prince. publishing house, 1983. - 32 p.

SCHMIDT Otto Yulievich

Russian mathematician, geophysicist, Arctic explorer

Travel routes

1929-1930 - O.Yu. Schmidt equipped and led the expedition on the ship "George Sedov" to Severnaya Zemlya.

1932 - expeditions led by O.Yu. Schmidt on the icebreaker "Sibiryakov" managed for the first time to pass from Arkhangelsk to Kamchatka in one navigation.

1933-1934 - O.Yu.Shmidt led the northern expedition on the steamer "Chelyuskin". The ship caught in ice captivity was crushed by ice and sank. The expedition members, who had been drifting on the ice floes for several months, were rescued by the pilots.

Name on a geographical map

The name of O.Yu. Schmidt is given to an island in the Kara Sea, a cape on the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the peninsula of Novaya Zemlya, one of the peaks and a pass in the Pamirs, a plain in Antarctica.

Voskoboynikov V.M. On an ice trip. - M.: Malysh, 1989. - 39 p.: ill. - (Legendary heroes).

Voskoboynikov V.M. Call of the Arctic: Heroic Chronicle: Academician Schmidt. - M.: Mol. guard, 1975. - 192 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Duel I.I. Lifeline: Dokum. story. - M.: Politizdat, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Heroes of the Soviet Motherland).

Nikitenko N.F. O.Yu. Schmidt: Book. for students. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992. - 158 p.: ill. - (People of science).

Otto Yulievich Schmidt: Life and work: Sat. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959. - 470 p.: ill.

Matveeva L.V. Otto Yulievich Schmidt: 1891-1956. - M.: Nauka, 1993. - 202 p.: ill. - (Scientific biographical series).