Lifeboat for 51 people. Lifeboats (closed)

23.02.2022

A lifeboat is the main active collective lifesaving device designed to rescue the crew and passengers. On newly built ships, as a rule, lifeboats should be of the self-righting type, fully enclosed and motorized. Their motors must be capable of mechanical and manual starting and must operate or automatically shut down (and then be easily restarted) in an inverted position. The speed of a boat in calm water with a full complement of people and equipment must be at least 6 knots. For ships in service, the temporary use of non-self-righting, open and semi-closed lifeboats is permitted. The lifeboats of a cargo ship must ensure the landing of the full number of people in no more than 3 minutes from the moment the landing command is given, as well as the rapid disembarkation of people from the boat.
Lifeboats for oil tankers are made fireproof. When the water spray system is operating, they can withstand the flame of continuously burning oil for at least 8 minutes when the boat passes through the fire zone on the water. These boats are equipped with a compressed air system that ensures the safety of people and uninterrupted engine operation for at least 10 minutes. In Fig. 1 shows the domestic tanker boat AT-30.

Fig.1 Tanker boat AT-30:
a) appearance: 1 - stripes of reflective material; 2 - crosses made of reflective material; b) irrigation system: 3 - slot heads; 4 - pipe system for irrigation of the boat, 5 - tray for collecting drainage water after irrigation of the boat before launching it, 6 - folding seacock pipe; 7 - pump, 8 - three-way valve, 9 - ballast compartment;
10 - container between the bottom of the boat and the pallet
Lifeboats are painted orange on the outside. In the bow on both sides of the boat, inscriptions are made in Latin letters indicating the name of the vessel, home port, dimensions of the boat and the number of people allowed to accommodate. On the outside of the boat there is a floating lifeline secured with weights. Strips of reflective material are glued along the perimeter of the boat under the fender and on the closing deck. In the bow and stern
In parts of the boat, crosses made of reflective material are glued to the top of the closure.
The number of lifeboats on board a ship is determined by the area of navigation, the type of ship and the number of people on board. Cargo ships with an unlimited navigation area have lifeboats providing 200% of the ship's crew (100% on each side). Passenger ships have lifeboats to provide 100% of passengers and crew (50% on each side).
The location of the boats should ensure that they are prepared for launching in no more than 5 minutes; landing and descent in 10 minutes on a cargo ship and no more than 30 minutes on a passenger ship. Near lifeboats and on escape routes, clearly visible signs, indicators and symbols must be placed in accordance with IMO recommendations. The collection point and landing site must be connected to the command post by two-way loudspeaker communication.
The launching device must ensure the launching of the lifeboat at a list of 20 and trim of 10° at a ship speed of up to 5 knots. There must be provision for control of the launch of the lifeboat from the lifeboat, as well as a device for the simultaneous release of the davit hooks under load.
The traditional lifeboat launching device is gravity davits. The boat is lowered under the influence of its weight when the davit brake is released. When using closed boats, the brake lever is connected through a pulley system by a cable to a handle inside the boat. The special design of the release cable from the drum through the brake lever and through the blocks ensures that it is released synchronously with the release of the davits and the lowering of the boat. This allows the speed of descent from the lifeboat to be adjusted.
Lifeboat supplies
All lifeboat supplies shall be secured within the lifeboat by lashings, stored in boxes or compartments, mounted on brackets or similar fastening devices, or secured by other suitable means.
However, if the boat is lowered on hoists, the release hooks should not be secured so that they can be used to push the boat away from the side of the ship. The supplies must be secured in such a way that they do not interfere with abandonment operations. All lifeboat supplies should be kept as small and light as possible and be conveniently and compactly packaged.
Except where otherwise specified, the normal equipment of each lifeboat shall include:

1, with the exception of free-fall boats, a sufficient number of buoyant oars to ensure movement of the boat in calm water. Each oar must be provided with a “kochet” type oarlock, a rotary oarlock or other equivalent device. The oarlocks must be attached to the boat with drawers or chains;
.2 two release hooks;
.3 floating bailer and two buckets;
.4 instructions for preserving life;
.5 an illuminated compass or equipped with a suitable means of illumination. On fully enclosed lifeboats, the compass must be permanently installed at the helm station; on all other lifeboats the compass shall be in the binnacle if weather protection is required and shall have suitable mounting arrangements;
.6 a sea anchor of sufficient size with a draft capable of withstanding jerking, which allows for a firm grip by hand when wet. The strength of the floating anchor, mainsail and niral, if provided, must be sufficient under all sea conditions;
.7 two reliable painters of length not less than twice the distance from the lifeboat stowage point to the waterline at the ship's lightest seagoing draft, or 15 m, whichever is greater.
On free-fall lifeboats, both painters must be at the bow of the boat in a ready-to-use condition.
On all other boats, both bow painters must be ready for use, with one attached to the release device and the other firmly attached to the stem or close to it;
.8 two axes, one at each end of the lifeboat;
.9 waterproof containers containing the total quantity fresh water at the rate of 3 liters for each person of the number of people allowed to be accommodated on a lifeboat, of which 1 liter of this norm per person may be replaced by water obtained from a desalination apparatus capable of producing a total amount of fresh water for two days, or 2 liters this norm per person can be replaced by water obtained from a manual desalination plant capable of producing the same amount of fresh water within two days;
.10 stainless steel ladle with rod;
.11 stainless steel graduated drinking vessel;
.12 food ration with a calorie content of at least 10,000 kJ for each person allowed to be accommodated on the lifeboat; In this case, the food ration should be in breathable packaging and stored in a waterproof container;
.13 four parachute rockets;
.14 six flares;
.15 two floating smoke bombs;
.16 one waterproof electric torch, suitable for Morse code signaling, with one spare set of batteries and one spare bulb in waterproof packaging;
.17 one day signaling mirror with instructions for its use for signaling marine and aircraft;
.18 one copy of the table of life-saving signals referred to in regulation V/16 of the Convention, in a waterproof version or in a waterproof package;
.19 one whistle or other equivalent sound signal;
.20 a first aid kit in a waterproof container that can be tightly closed again after opening;
.21 anti-sea sickness medication in quantities sufficient for at least 48 hours and one hygiene bag for each person;
.22 folding knife attached to the boat by a pin;
.23 three can openers;
.24 two floating life rings attached to a floating line of at least 30 m in length;
.25 hand pump of appropriate capacity if the boat is not of a self-draining type;
.26 one set of fishing accessories;
.27 sufficient tools to make minor adjustments to the engine and related equipment;
.28 portable fire extinguisher of an approved type, suitable for extinguishing oil fires;
.29 a floodlight with a horizontal and vertical beam sector of at least 6″ and a measured light intensity of 2500 cd, which is capable of continuous illumination for at least 3 hours;
.30 an effective radar reflector if a radar transponder is not installed in the lifeboat;
.31 thermal protective equipment in quantities sufficient for 10% of the number of persons permitted to be accommodated on a lifeboat or two, whichever is greater.

Marine site Russia no

Collective ship life-saving appliances are means that can be used by a group of people and must provide reliable and safe rescue when the ship is listing up to 20° on any side and trim is 10°.

Boarding people into life-saving equipment and lowering them into the water in calm conditions should not exceed the following time:

10 minutes - for cargo ships;

30 minutes - for passenger and fishing vessels.

Lifeboats and liferafts should generally be stowed on the same deck, but liferafts may be stowed one deck above or below the deck on which the lifeboats are stowed.

A lifeboat is a boat capable of ensuring the survival of people in distress from the moment they leave the ship.

It is this purpose that determines all the requirements for the design and supply of lifeboats.

All lifeboats must:

have good stability and buoyancy reserve even when filled with water, high maneuverability;

ensure reliable self-righting to an even keel when capsizing;

have a mechanical engine with remote control from the wheelhouse;

be painted orange.

The lifeboat must be equipped with an engine internal combustion with compression ignition:

the engine must run for at least 5 minutes from start-up in a cold state when the boat

is out of water;

the speed of the boat in calm water with a full complement of people and equipment must be at least 6 knots; The fuel supply must be sufficient to operate the engine at full speed for 24 hours.

If the ship has partially enclosed lifeboats, their davits must be equipped with a toprik with at least two life pins attached to it.

The boat's buoyancy reserve is provided by air boxes - sealed compartments filled with air or foam, the volume of which is determined taking into account that the heads of people sitting in the boat are above the surface of the water, even if the boat is completely flooded.

Information about the capacity of the boat, as well as its main dimensions, is applied to its sides in the bow with indelible paint, the name of the vessel, home port (in Latin letters) and the ship's number of the boat are also indicated there. The markings to identify the vessel to which the boat belongs and its number must be visible from above.

Strips of reflective material are glued along the perimeter of the boat, under the fender and on the deck. In the bow and stern parts, crosses made of reflective material are placed on the upper part of the closure.

An electric light bulb is installed inside the boat. A battery charge ensures operation for at least 12 hours. A signal light with a manual switch is installed on the top of the closure, giving a constant or flashing (50-70 flashes per minute) white light.

A battery charge ensures operation for at least 12 hours.

Lifeboats for oil tankers have a fire-resistant design, are equipped with a sprinkler system that provides passage through continuously burning oil for 8 minutes, and a compressed air system that ensures the safety of people and the operation of engines for 10 minutes.
The hulls of the boats are made of double hulls, they must have high strength, the deckhouse must provide all-round visibility, and the windows must be made of fire-resistant glass.

To ensure the use of the boat by unqualified people (for example, passengers), instructions for starting and operating the engine must be provided in a clearly visible place near the engine controls, and the controls must be marked accordingly.

All lifeboats, rescue boats and launching appliances are visually inspected weekly to ensure they are always ready for use.
The engines of all lifeboats and rescue boats must run for at least 3 minutes. Lifeboats, with the exception of free-fall boats, must be moved from their installation sites. The results of the inspection are recorded in the ship's log.

Every month, all lifeboats, with the exception of free-fall boats, fall out of their installation sites without people in the lifeboat. Supplies are checked to ensure they are complete and in good condition.

Each lifeboat, with the exception of free-fall lifeboats, is launched and then maneuvered on the water with a designated control team at least once every 3 months.

Boats launched by mechanical means are installed horizontally on both sides of the vessel. A davit is a device intended for storing a boat, having beams tilting over the side, used when lowering and raising the boat.

In the stowed position, the boats are installed on davits; for this purpose, the latter have one-sided keel blocks on which the boat rests. To ensure a tighter fit of the boat to the keel blocks, the latter are equipped with a felt cushion covered with canvas. The boat is secured with lashings, which must be released before launching.

Before lowering the boat you must first:

deliver to the boat the equipment and supplies necessary for survival after abandoning the ship:

a portable VHF radio station and a radar transponder beacon, warm clothes, an additional supply of food and water, an additional supply of pyrotechnic alarms;

remove the landing deck railing;

prepare a storm ladder;

give away the lashings;

give away the davit stoppers.

The lifeboat must be equipped with a release valve, which is installed in the lower part of the bottom of the boat to release water. The valve opens automatically when the boat is out of the water and automatically closes when the boat is afloat. When preparing the boat for launching, the valve must be closed with a cap or plug.
The boat falls out only under the influence of gravity and is carried out using boat hoists. Before starting the descent, the stopper on the davits is released and the hoist lever is smoothly released, for which the brake of the boat winch is gradually released. Uniform lifting of the bow and stern hoists is achieved by the fact that both loppers are attached to the drum of one boat winch. After the davit reaches its limit position, the vertical descent of the boat into the water begins.

Lopars are steel cables attached to the boat at its ends and carried to a winch, intended for lowering and raising the boat. Lopars must be periodically tested.

In order to exclude the possibility of lowering the boat until it falls completely overboard, the davit has a horn on which the shackle of the movable davit block is hung.
The length and shape of the horn are chosen in such a way that the movable block falls from it only at the lower limit position of the davit.

The lowering of a boat on hoists can be controlled both from the deck of the ship and from the boat. This allows, under favorable conditions, weather conditions do not leave a descent support team on board. After lowering the boat, the lower blocks of davits are laid out on the water.
It is very important, especially during waves, to lay out both blocks at the same time. For this purpose, the boats have hinged hooks with a common drive. In this case, the simultaneous release of both hooks is carried out by turning the drive handle.

1 – davit; 2 – Lapp; 3 – dinghies; 4 - painter.

Boarding of people is carried out using storm ladders

While underway and in rough seas, boats are usually lowered with people. In this case, people are boarded either in a boat mounted on keel blocks, or after lowering the boat to the deck level from which it is most convenient to land.

Each boat in the area where it is installed has a landing ladder, the strings of which are made of Manila cable with a thickness of at least 65 mm, and the balusters are made of hard wood measuring 480x115x25 mm.

The upper end of the ladder must be fixed in its normal place (under the boat), and the storm ladder itself must be rolled up, always ready for use.

After the last person moves from the ship to the boat, the painters are freed (in extreme cases, they are cut with axes located at the ends of the boat), and the boat departs from the ship. It is recommended to preserve the falini, because... they may still be needed.

Boat supplies

Each lifeboat must be equipped in accordance with the requirements of the International Convention SOLAS-74, including:

on rowing boats there is one floating oar per rower plus two spare and one steering oar, on motor boats there are four oars with oarlocks attached to the boat hull with pins (chains);

two release hooks;

a floating anchor with a cable equal to three times the length of the boat, and a guy attached to the top of the anchor cone;

two painters no less than 15 meters long;

two axes, one at each end of the boat for cutting painters when leaving the ship;

food ration and supply of drinking water 3 liters per person;

a stainless steel ladle with a rod and a stainless steel graduated vessel;

fishing accessories.

Signaling means:

four red parachute flares, six red flares, two smoke bombs,

electric flashlight with Morse code signaling device in a waterproof design (with a set of spare batteries and a spare bulb),

one signal mirror,

Heliograph - with instructions for its use, signal whistle or equivalent signaling device, tables of rescue signals;

a spotlight capable of continuous operation for 3 hours;

first aid kit, 6 seasickness tablets and one hygiene bag per person;

a folding knife attached to the boat by a pin, and three can openers;

manual drainage pump, two buckets and a ladle;

fire extinguisher for extinguishing burning oil;

a set of spare parts and tools for the engine;

radar reflector or SART;

binnacle with compass;

personal thermal protective equipment in the amount of 10% of the passenger capacity of the boat (but not less than two).

Free fall boats

The boat's hull has a more robust design and well-streamlined, smooth contours that prevent strong impacts when the boat enters the water. Since overloads occur when hitting the water, the boat is equipped with special chairs with shock-absorbing pads.

Before the boat leaves the ramp, the crew must securely secure themselves with seat belts and a special head restraint. Free fall lifeboats guarantee the safety of people when falling from a height of up to 20 meters.

Free-fall lifeboats are considered the most reliable life-saving means for evacuating people from a sinking ship in any weather conditions.

This is a type of lifeboat designed to rescue people from the water (fallen overboard or found at sea) and to recover lifeboats and rafts.

The rescue boat is capable of carrying out rescue operations in stormy conditions and with limited visibility. Rescue boats are in constant readiness. The preparation and launching of the boat takes 5 minutes.

The boat provides space for transporting the rescued person in a supine position. The engine power provides a speed of at least 8 knots, and the fuel reserve is enough for 3 hours of full speed. The propeller is protected to prevent injury to people at sea.

There are a number of requirements for the design of the housing, some of which are listed below:

1) All lifeboats must be of sufficient strength to:

they could be safely launched when loaded with their full complement of men and supplies; And
they could be launched and towed at forward speed of the ship at a speed of 5 knots in calm water.

2) The lifeboat hull must be rigid and made of non-combustible or non-combustible material.

3) The boat must have a closure on top that protects people from environmental influences:

If the closure is completely rigid, then such a boat is a closed type boat.

If part of the closure is a soft awning, then such a boat is a partially enclosed boat. In this case, the bow and stern ends must be protected for at least 20% of the length by rigid closure elements. The awning is usually made of two layers of waterproof fabric with an air layer. When open, the awning is rolled up and secured above the entrance.

Passenger ships can be equipped with both types of boats, and cargo ships can only be equipped with closed type boats (SOLAS-74 Chapter III rules 21 and 31).

Placing partially enclosed boats on passenger ships gives a great advantage in the speed of boarding passengers during evacuation.

4) Lifeboats must have a reserve of buoyancy that allows a completely flooded boat with supplies and people in it to stay afloat.

This additional buoyancy is provided by lightweight floating materials that are resistant to sea water and oil products. These buoyancy features are usually located along the inside perimeter of the boat under the seats.

5) Lifeboats must be stable when filled with 50% of the number of persons permitted to accommodate them, seated in a normal position on one side of its centreline.

6) Enclosed lifeboats must be self-righting when capsized.

Capsizing can occur, for example, under the impact of a collapsing wave crest, which is most likely when the boat enters the wave deformation zone in shallow water.

Boat equipment

Diagram of a fireproof lifeboat launched on paddles

Seating places.

Seats are equipped on transverse and longitudinal banks or fixed seats. The method of fitting the seats is usually related to the type of boat.

	Layout of seats in a boat launched on the boats. In a boat launched on the boats, the majority of the seats are equipped on cans located along the sides (with their backs to the side). On boats of large capacity, when the width allows, extra seats can be equipped on longitudinal banks in the middle (facing the side), or on transverse banks.
	Layout of seats in a free-fall boat. Free-fall boats have seats with backs and headrests. They are installed in transverse rows so that people sit facing the stern, which ensures that the backrest takes on the inertia of a person when the boat enters the water.

Fully enclosed boats require the seats to be equipped with seat belts.

Engine

Every lifeboat must be equipped with an internal combustion engine. Lifeboats are equipped with compression ignition engines that meet the following requirements:

1) The engine is capable of operating for at least 5 minutes from the moment of starting in a cold state when the boat is out of the water.

This allows you to start the engine for periodic checks out of the water, and in case of abandonment of the vessel, lower the boat into the water with the engine running and immediately move away from the vessel.

2) The speed of a boat in calm water with a full complement of people and equipment must be at least 6 knots, and at least 2 knots when towing a life raft of the largest capacity installed on a given vessel, loaded with a full complement of people and equipment.

3) The fuel supply must be sufficient to operate the engine at full speed for 24 hours.

To ensure that the boat can be used by unqualified people (for example, passengers), instructions for starting and operating the engine must be provided in a clearly visible place near the engine controls, and the controls must be marked accordingly.

Drainage

1) The boat must be either self-draining or have a hand pump to remove water.

2) The lifeboat must be equipped with a release valve.

A drain valve (one or two depending on the size of the boat) is installed in the lower part of the bottom of the boat to release water. The valve opens automatically when the boat is out of the water and automatically closes when the boat is afloat. Typically this task is performed by a float type valve.

Each drain valve is equipped with a cap or plug to close it, attached with a pin or chain next to the valve.

When the boat is stored on board a ship, the release valve must be open to allow any water that enters the boat to drain away.

When preparing the boat for launching, the valve must be closed with a cap or plug.

Access to the boat

The entrances to the lifeboat are made on both sides and are of such dimensions and position that it is possible to lift helpless people aboard the boat, both from the water and on stretchers.

The lifeboat is designed and positioned in such a way that all people assigned to the boat can board it:

on a passenger ship - within no more than 10 minutes after the command to land is given;
on a cargo ship - within no more than 3 minutes after the landing command is given.

The lifeboat must have a boarding ladder to allow people to climb into the lifeboat from the water. As a rule, the ladder is made removable and stored inside the boat.

On the outside, along the sides of the boat, above the waterline (within the reach of a person in the water), a handrail or lifeline is installed.

If the boat is not self-righting, then the same handrails should be installed in the lower part of the hull so that people can hold on to the overturned boat.

If the ship has partially enclosed lifeboats, their davits must be equipped with a toprik with at least two life pins attached to it.

Toprik - a cable stretched between the ends of the davits.

Rescue pendant - a vegetable or synthetic rope with musings (knots), used as an emergency means for lowering from the side of a ship into a boat or into the water.

Signal light

A signal light with a manual switch is installed on the top of the closure, giving a constant or flashing (50-70 flashes per minute) white light. The battery charge ensures operation for at least 12 hours.

Emergency lighting

Inside the boat, a light source is installed at the top to provide sufficient illumination for reading instructions. The battery charge ensures operation for at least 12 hours.

Device for fastening a towing painter

Located at the bow end of the boat. This device must be capable of release under load (during towing) from inside the boat.

Autonomous air supply system

Lifeboats with an independent air supply system must be arranged in such a way as to ensure normal operation of the engine when the inlets and openings are closed. at least 10 minutes. At the same time, the air must remain safe and breathable.

Such boats are usually installed on ships where an accident could make the atmosphere around the ship uninhabitable.

An autonomous air supply system is usually based on the use of compressed air cylinders equipped with indicators that allow the pressure of the supplied air to be adjusted.

Marking of the air supply system starting device

Fire resistance

Fireproof boats, are usually installed on ships, an accident on which can lead to a spill and fire around the ship of oil or petroleum products. Since when on fire the atmosphere outside the boat is unsuitable for breathing, such boats have an autonomous air supply system.

Fire tests

Fireproof lifeboats must ensure the safety of the people in them for at least 8 minutes, while on the water in a zone of fire covering it from all sides, and the air temperature at the level of the head of a seated person should not exceed 60 ° C. You should remember that the permissible time spent in the fire zone is limited and strive to leave the danger zone as soon as possible. If the edge of the fire zone is not visible, then you should go out across the direction of the wind, where there is a higher probability of an early exit from the danger zone, since the oil slick will be pulled along the line of the wind.

Typically, such boats are equipped with a water spray system to increase fire resistance. Sea water is used for irrigation.

The water intake device of the system is located in the lower part of the boat in such a way as to prevent flammable liquids from entering the system from the surface of the water. Next, water under pressure is supplied through external tubes, in which spray nozzles are installed at certain intervals.

Marking of the water irrigation system launcher

Emergency supply

According to the LSA Code, a lifeboat must always contain a certain set of supplies necessary for the survival of people in the event of their abandoning the ship:

1) Means ensuring the operation of boats:

floating oars (except for free-fall boats) in sufficient quantity to ensure propulsion;
2 release hooks;
2 painters;
2 axes (one at each end);
drogue;
means of drainage: floating bailer and 2 buckets;
tools for making minor adjustments to the engine and related devices;
fire extinguisher;
compass.

2) Signaling means

4 red parachute flares;
6 red flares;
2 floating smoke bombs;
an electric waterproof lantern suitable for signaling in Morse code;
spotlight with power source for at least 3 hours;
signal whistle or horn;
table of rescue signals;
radar reflector or radar transponder;
signal mirror (“heliograph”);
at least one boat on each side must have a portable radio.

3) Water and food

Canned drinking water at the rate of 3 liters per person.

The boat can be equipped with a manual watermaker. This could be chemical reagents for binding salts or a vacuum desalination device. In any case, the action of the desalination plant should not depend either on solar energy or on chemical elements other than in sea water.
In this case, the water supply can be reduced by 1 l/person if the desalination plant is able to produce the total amount of water within two days.

food ration based on 10,000 kJ per person;
fishing accessories.

4) Medicines and medical supplies

first aid kit;
seasickness tablets with a duration of action of at least 48 hours per person;
one hygiene bag per person.

5) Fishing accessories

The LSA Code does not establish a list of fishing equipment. Usually the kit includes: fishing line, hooks, spoons, synthetic baits.

6) Other supplies:

thermal protective equipment in the amount of 10% of the estimated number of people, but not less than 2 units;
stainless steel ladle with pin;
stainless steel graduated drinking vessel;
folding knife;
3 can openers;
2 life rings with a floating line at least 30 m long;
instructions for preserving life on lifeboats

The locations of emergency supplies may differ between different models of lifeboats. However, these differences are minor because the pursuit of optimal placement produces similar results. The following figure may serve as an example of emergency supply placement:

Diagram of the design and location of the emergency supply of a free-fall lifeboat:

1) 1 floating scoop 2) 2 buckets 3) 2 axes 4) 1 container with signaling equipment: 6 flares; 4 parachute rockets; 2 floating smoke bombs, orange; 1 signal mirror; 1 folding knife with can opener and peeling blade; 1 electric torch with 1 spare lamp and 2 spare batteries 5) 2 can openers 6) 1 fire extinguisher 7) 1 set of fishing equipment 8) 1 whistle 9) 5 liter containers of drinking water (3 liters per person) 10) food ration ( one package per person) 11) 2 drinking cups 12) drogue 13) 2 painters, 15 m long, 14 mm in diameter 14) 2 life rings with buoyant lines, 30 m long, 8 mm in diameter 15) 1 first aid kit for lifeboats with anti-seasickness medication (6 doses per person)

16) 1 compass 17) 1 manual bilge pump 18) 1 radar reflector 19) diesel fuel 20) 2 jump hooks 21) 1 search light 22) heat protectants 23) 1 survival/distress instructions 24) 1 landing ladder Loose equipment: 25) 1 seat/fuel tank key 26) 1 set of lifting straps 27) 1 emergency tiller 28) 2 stretcher straps Engine spare parts: 29) 1 V-belt 30) 1 fuel filter 31) 1 pump impeller 32) 1 oil filter 33) 1 tool kit 34) 1 oil drain pump

A lifeboat is a boat capable of ensuring the preservation of the lives of people in distress from the moment they leave the ship. It is this purpose that determines all the requirements for the design and supply of lifeboats.

Rice. Lifeboats of closed and open types

All lifeboats must:

Have good stability and buoyancy reserve even when filled with water, high maneuverability;

Ensure reliable self-righting to an even keel when capsizing;

Have a mechanical engine with remote control from the wheelhouse; be painted orange.

The lifeboat must be equipped with a compression ignition internal combustion engine:

The engine must run for at least 5 minutes from start-up in a cold state when the boat is out of the water;

The speed of a boat in calm water with a full complement of people and equipment must be at least 6 knots;

The fuel supply must be sufficient to run the engine at full speed for 24 hours.

If the ship has partially enclosed lifeboats, their davits must be equipped with a toprik with at least two life pins attached to it.

Rice. Lifeboat markings

Lifeboats for oil tankers have a fire-resistant design, are equipped with a spray system that provides passage through continuously burning oil for 8 minutes, and a compressed air system that ensures the safety of people and the operation of engines for 10 minutes. The hulls of the boats are made of double hulls, they must have high strength, the deckhouse must provide all-round visibility, and the portholes must be made of fire-resistant glass.

Weekly All lifeboats and liferafts, rescue boats and launching appliances are visually inspected to ensure they are always ready for use. The engines of all lifeboats and rescue boats must run for at least 3 minutes. Lifeboats, with the exception of free-fall boats, must be moved from their installation sites. The results of the inspection are recorded in the ship's log.

Monthly All lifeboats, with the exception of free-fall lifeboats, fall out of their installation positions without people in the lifeboat. Supplies are checked to ensure they are complete and in good condition.

Each lifeboat, with the exception of free-fall boats, is launched and then maneuvered on the water with a designated control team at least once every 3 months.

Launching the boat. Boats launched by mechanical means are installed horizontally on both sides of the vessel. A davit is a device designed to store a boat, having beams that tilt over the side, used when lowering and raising the boat.

Rice. Securing a lifeboat on board a ship

Before lowering the boat you must first:

Deliver to the boat the equipment and supplies necessary for survival after abandoning the ship: a portable VHF radio station and a radar transponder, warm clothes, an additional supply of food and water, an additional supply of pyrotechnic alarms;

Remove the landing deck railing; prepare a storm ladder; give away the lashings; give away the davit stoppers.

The lifeboat must be equipped drain valve which is installed at the bottom of the boat for releasing water. The valve opens automatically when the boat is out of the water and automatically closes when the boat is afloat. When preparing the boat for launching, the valve must be closed with a cap or plug.

The boat falls out only under the influence of gravity and is carried out using boat hoists. Before starting the descent, the stopper on the davits is released and the hoist lever is smoothly released, for which the brake of the boat winch is gradually released. Uniform lifting of the bow and stern hoists is achieved by the fact that both loppers are attached to the drum of one boat winch. After the davit reaches its limit position, the vertical descent of the boat into the water begins.

Lopars are steel cables attached to the boat at its ends and carried to a winch, intended for lowering and raising the boat. Lopars must be periodically tested

In order to exclude the possibility of lowering the boat until it falls completely overboard, the davit has a horn on which the shackle of the movable davit block is hung. The length and shape of the horn are chosen in such a way that the movable block falls from it only at the lower limit position of the davit.

The lowering of a boat on hoists can be controlled both from the deck of the ship and from the boat. This allows, under favorable weather conditions, not to leave a descent support team on board.

Rice. Launching the lifeboat Fig. Boat winch

After lowering the boat, the lower blocks of davits are laid out on the water. It is very important, especially during waves, to lay out both blocks at the same time. For this purpose, the boats have hinged hooks with a common drive. In this case, the simultaneous release of both hooks is carried out by turning the drive handle.

People are boarded using storm ladders. While underway and in rough seas, boats are usually lowered with people. In this case, people are boarded either in a boat mounted on keel blocks, or after lowering the boat to the deck level from which it is most convenient to land.

Rice. Boarding the crew and lowering the boat

Each boat in the area where it is installed has a landing ladder, the bowstrings of which are made of Manila cable with a thickness of at least 65 mm, and the balusters are made of hardwood measuring 480x115x25 mm. The upper end of the ladder must be fixed in its normal place (under the boat), and the storm ladder itself must be rolled up, always ready for use.

Boat supplies. Each lifeboat must be equipped in accordance with the requirements of the International Convention SOLAS-74, including:

On rowing boats there is one floating oar per rower, plus two spare and one steering oar, on motor boats there are four oars with oarlocks attached to the boat hull with pins (chains); two release hooks;

A floating anchor with a cable equal to three times the length of the boat and a guy attached to the top of the anchor cone; two painters no less than 15 meters long;

Two axes, one at each end of the boat for cutting painters when leaving the ship;

Food ration and supply of drinking water 3 liters per person; a stainless steel ladle with a rod and a stainless steel graduated vessel; fishing accessories;

Signaling equipment: four red parachute flares, six red flares, two smoke bombs, an electric flashlight with a waterproof Morse code signaling device (with a set of spare batteries and a spare light bulb), one signal mirror - heliograph- with instructions for its use, a signal whistle or equivalent signaling device, tables of rescue signals;

A spotlight capable of continuous operation for 3 hours;

First aid kit, 6 seasickness tablets and one hygiene bag per person;

A folding knife attached by a pin to the boat, and three can openers;

Manual drainage pump, two buckets and a ladle;

Fire extinguisher for extinguishing burning oil;

Set of spare parts and tools for the engine;

Radar reflector or SART;

Binnacle with compass;

Personal thermal protective equipment in the amount of 10% of the passenger capacity of the boat (but not less than two).

Rice. Lifeboat inside

Free fall boats. The boat's hull has a more robust design and well-streamlined, smooth contours that prevent strong impacts when the boat enters the water. Since overloads occur when hitting the water, the boat is equipped with special chairs with shock-absorbing pads.

Rice. Free fall boat

Free-fall lifeboats are considered the most reliable life-saving means for evacuating people from a sinking ship in any weather conditions.

Duty lifeboat. This is a type of lifeboat designed to rescue people from the water (fallen overboard or found at sea) and to recover lifeboats and rafts.

Rice. Rescue lifeboat

The advantage of a rescue boat is the speed and reliability of launching and re-boarding while underway in light seas. A powerful stationary or outboard motor allows you to quickly examine the area where a person has fallen overboard, lift him and deliver him to the side of the ship. The rescue boat is capable of performing rescue operations in stormy conditions and with limited visibility. Rescue boats are in constant readiness. The preparation and launching of the boat takes 5 minutes.

Life rafts

A life raft is a raft capable of ensuring the survival of people in distress from the moment they leave the ship. Its design must be such as to withstand environmental influences afloat for at least 30 days under any hydrometeorological conditions.

Rice. Installation of PSN on board the vessel

Rafts are made with a capacity of at least 6 and usually up to 25 people (rafts with a capacity of up to 150 people can be found on passenger ships). The number of rafts is calculated in such a way that the total capacity of the life rafts available on each side is sufficient to accommodate 150% of the total number of people on board the ship.

On ships where the distance from the bow or stern to the nearest raft exceeds 100 m, an additional raft must be installed. At least 2 vests and 2 wetsuits must be stored nearby, and there must also be landing aids on each side (on high-sided vessels - boarding ladders, on low-sided vessels - rescue pendants with musings.

The total mass of the liferaft, its container and equipment must not exceed 185 kg, unless the liferaft is intended to be launched by an approved launching device or is required to be carried from side to side.

According to the method of delivery to the water, life rafts are divided into those launched by mechanical means (using rafts) and dropped. Launchable rafts are installed mainly on passenger ships, since boarding is carried out at deck level, which is a great advantage when rescuing passengers who may be in a wide range of physical and mental conditions.

Due to their compactness, inflatable rafts (PSN - inflatable life raft) have become the most widespread.

The main elements of a life raft are:

Buoyancy chamber (provides buoyancy to the raft);

The bottom is a waterproof element that provides insulation from cold water;

The awning is a waterproof element that provides insulation of the space under the awning from heat and cold.

Rice. Inflatable life raft

The buoyancy chamber of an inflatable raft consists of at least two independent compartments, so that if one compartment is damaged, the remaining compartments can provide positive freeboard and keep the regular number of people and supplies afloat. Typically, the compartments are arranged in rings, one above the other, which allows not only to provide sufficient buoyancy, but also to preserve the area to accommodate people if one compartment is damaged.

To ensure the ability to maintain operating pressure in the compartments, valves are installed for manual pumping with a pump or bellows.

The problem of thermal insulation of the under-awning space is usually solved by installing an awning consisting of two layers of waterproof material with an air gap. The outer color of the awning is orange. To install an awning in inflatable rafts, arch-type supports are made that inflate automatically along with the buoyancy chamber. The height of the awning is made such that a person can be in a sitting position in any part of the space under the awning.

The awning should have:

At least one viewing window;

Rainwater collection device;

Radar Reflector Mounting Device or SART;

Stripes of white reflective material.

A signal light is installed on the top of the awning, which automatically turns on when the awning is opened. A battery charge ensures operation for at least 12 hours.

An internal light source with a manual switch is installed inside the raft, capable of continuous operation for at least 12 hours.

A lifeline is attached along the outer perimeter of the raft’s buoyancy chamber to help get to the entrance. A lifeline is also installed along the inner perimeter to help keep people safe during a storm.

The entrances to life rafts are equipped with special devices that help people climb out of the water into the raft. At least one of the entrances must have a landing platform at water level. Entrances not equipped with a landing platform must have boarding ladders, the bottom step of which is at least 0.4 meters below the waterline.

On the bottom of the inflatable raft, pockets filled with water are installed around the perimeter. They are bags hanging down with holes in the top. The holes are made large enough so that within 25 seconds of the raft being deployed on the water, the pockets are at least 60% full.

Pockets serve two functions:

Provide stability, which is especially important during a storm, when the open raft is on the water without people;

An open raft has a very large surface windage compared to the submerged part, which leads to strong wind drift. Pockets filled with water significantly reduce the wind drift of the raft. To inflate the raft, a non-toxic gas cylinder is attached to its bottom, closed with a special start valve, which opens when the starting line attached to it is pulled. When the start valve is opened, gas fills the compartments within 1 - 3 minutes.

The starting line has a dual purpose:

Used to open the valve on a gas cylinder;

Used to hold the raft on the water at the side of the ship.

The length of the starting line is at least 15 meters.

Installation of PSN. On the ship, the PSN (inflatable life raft) is stored in a plastic container consisting of two halves, hermetically connected and secured with bandage tapes.

The strength of the tapes, or the links connecting the ends of the tape, is calculated against rupture from the internal gas pressure when the raft is inflated.

The container with the raft is installed on a special frame, pressed against it with lashings wound onto the recoil device.

Rice. Scheme of fastening the PSN to the vessel: 1 - lashings; 2 - verb-hack; 3 - starting line; 4 - hydrostat; 5 - weak link; 6 - bandage tape

The launching device of life rafts must ensure the safe launching of the raft with a full complement of people and equipment at a list of up to 20° on any side and a trim of up to 10°.

Installation of the raft provides two ways to release the lashings: manual and automatic.

For manual release To remove the lashings from the raft, it is enough to remove the fixing link from the hook. There are devices in which the lashings are released by turning a special handle, as a result of which the pins holding the root ends of the lashings are pulled out. This device is used when several rafts are placed on one frame one after another. This design provides for both sequential release of rafts and release of all rafts by turning one handle.

For automatic release of the raft, when the vessel is immersed under water, the release device is switched on hydrostat - a device that releases lashings at a depth of no more than 4 meters.

According to the principle of operation, hydrostats are of disconnecting type and cutting type.

IN cutting type hydrostat in the initial state, the spring-loaded knife is held by a locking pin fixed to the spring-loaded membrane. The space above the membrane is hermetically sealed, so when immersed in water, the pressure begins to increase only under the membrane. The stiffness of the spring holding the membrane is calculated so that at a depth of up to 4 meters, external pressure will press the membrane and release the knife. The compressed spring of the knife, after being released, sharply straightens, and the blow of the knife cuts the rope loop holding the lashings.


Rice. Cutting type hydrostat

Isolating type hydrostat. The housings of disconnecting type hydrostats are quite varied, but they all use the mechanical principle of disconnection when a given pressure is reached on the sensing element. The body of this hydrostat is divided by a membrane into two chambers, one of which is sealed, and the second can receive water during immersion.

Rice. Isolating type hydrostat

The release head, to which the lashings are attached, is held from the inside by a locking device mechanically connected to the membrane.

The stiffness of the spring holding the membrane is designed so that under water pressure the detachable hydrostat head will be released, which will lead to the release of the raft from the lashings.

When the vessel is submerged, the container with the PSN floats up, and the launch line is pulled out of the container. The connection of the launch line to the vessel is carried out through weak link. The tensile strength of the weak link is sufficient to pull the trigger line out of the container and open the trigger valve. With further tension, the weak link breaks and the raft is released from its attachment to the side of the ship.

There are designs where the weak link is part of the root end of the starting line itself. The strength of the weak link is too small to hold the raft against the side in conditions of strong wind and seas. Therefore, when releasing manually, the first thing that needs to be done before releasing the lashings is to select a small section of the starting line from the container and securely tie it above the weak link to the structure of the vessel (isolate the weak link). If the launch line is not tied in an area of normal strength, the raft will be torn off and carried away.

The weak link is visually easy to distinguish: it may be a thinner insert in the starting line or a cut in the line.

Launching the PSN into the water. Landing in a jettisonable life raft is carried out after it is deployed on the water, which makes the landing procedure itself more complex, but it is simpler and more reliable in storm conditions.

The strength of the drop raft must be sufficient to withstand being dropped in a container from a height of at least 18 meters and to withstand repeated jumps of people onto it from a height of at least 4.5 meters.

Brief instructions for bringing the raft into working condition and boarding it are placed on the raft container and near the installation site.

The procedure for launching the PSN into the water and landing in it involves the following actions:

Release the lashings;

Push the raft overboard. For a high-sided vessel, it is not recommended to drop the raft when the list is more than 15° from the side out of the water. In this case, it is unlikely to jump to the water without touching the side, and sliding down a board that has come out of the water and is overgrown with shells can lead to serious injuries;

Pull the starting line out of the container and pull firmly;

Pull the opened raft to the side and secure the line. If the raft is opened with the bottom up, then there are special straps on the bottom of the raft, by holding them with your hands and resting your feet on the edge of the bottom, you can turn the raft over to its normal position. Since the raft has a large windage, before turning it over it must be turned so that it is on the leeward side. In this case, the wind will help turn the raft over;

Move into the raft, trying to get into it dry:

You can jump onto the raft from a height of up to 4.5 meters if you are sure that there are no people in it;

You can go down the storm ladder;

You can go down the rescue pendant with musings;

You can jump into the water next to the raft and then climb into the raft;

Help other survivors get into the raft (use a rescue ring with a line from the raft's emergency supplies).

After all those escaping are on the raft or in the water, but holding on to the lifeline of the raft, it is necessary to move away from the sinking ship to a safe distance, for which you need to:

Cut the starting line. The knife is in a pocket on the raft's awning at the point where the line is attached;

Select sea anchor;

Tighten up water pockets;

Use emergency oars.

Rice. In a life raft and on the water

Water pockets create significant resistance to movement. A pin is attached to the bottom of each pocket, secured at the top in the area of the nearest entrance to the raft. It is necessary to pull the pin, squeeze water out of the pocket, press the pocket to the bottom and secure the pin in this state.

Being in the immediate vicinity of a vessel is dangerous for the following reasons:

Formation of a funnel when a vessel is submerged under water;

Possibility of explosion in case of fire;

Surfacing of large floating objects from a sinking ship;

Possibility of the vessel falling on board.

After retreating to a safe distance, all life-saving equipment must unite and remain in the place where the ship is lost. Combining life-saving equipment allows you to:

Evenly distribute people, water, food, etc.;

Use signaling devices more rationally;

It is more rational to distribute human resources to perform work (watchkeeping, fishing, etc.).

The organization of the search and rescue operation will begin from the coordinates of the place where the ship was lost, therefore, to reduce wind drift, it is necessary to set floating anchors and lower water pockets.

We are asked the question:
Mail.ru answers: - Actually, the quantity lifeboats on Titanic complied with the standards of 1912. The number of boats was regulated by the tonnage of the ship, and not by the number of passengers. The tonnage of the Titanic is 46,328 tons, there are 2,225 passengers, 908 crew. There are 20 boats (16), designed for 1,178, that is, the 1/2 rule on each side was taken into account. About the rafts - 4 (2 prefabricated ones were assembled) pieces, should have a capacity of up to 25% of the composition (convention now). Let's consider this issue on cruise ships, closer to the body

Ok, what. Let's look at the example of the tonnage of the Silver Mews company Silver Sea:
Cruise ship Silver Muse Silversea company was built in 2017, belongs to the Silver Muse series of vessels, has a length of 213 meters and a displacement of 40,700 tons. The ship can accommodate up to 691 passengers in 288 cabins. The number of service personnel is 408 people

The number of saved funds is kept silent, they just say that there is enough for everyone, etc.
Everywhere now they refer to 74g, let’s go and look:
- International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS-74), Chapter III “Life-saving appliances and arrangements”;

−International Life-Saving Appliances Code (LSA Code);

−Rules for the equipment of sea vessels of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, part II "Life-saving appliances"; let's sum it up

The number of lifeboats on board a ship is determined by the area of navigation, the type of ship and the number of people on board. Cargo ships with an unlimited navigation area are equipped with lifeboats that provide the entire crew on each side (100% + 100% = 200%). Passenger ships are equipped with lifeboats with a capacity of 50% of passengers and crew on each side (50% + 50% = 100%). Rafts - also a collection of ship rescue equipment - must also be included in technical support and constitute at least 10% of the tonnage and patients on board.
That is, “whoever does not fit into the boat is saved on rafts. the number of people on the raft is 2 times the nominal value. If the raft holds 20 people, it will pull 40. It’s still the same SOLAS. This should make you happy. If, of course, the ship is equipped with them

Spasplot

Its design must be such as to withstand the influence of environment for at least 30 days under any hydrometeorological conditions.

Rafts are made with a capacity of at least 6 and usually up to 25 people (rafts with a capacity of up to 150 people can be found on passenger ships).

The number of rafts is calculated in such a way that the total capacity of the life rafts available on each side is sufficient to accommodate 150% of the total number of people on board the ship. Hm Inflatable: The main elements of a life raft are: a buoyancy chamber (provides buoyancy to the raft); bottom - a waterproof element that provides insulation from cold water; awning - a waterproof element that provides insulation of the space under the awning from heat and cold (on the awning there is a device for collecting rainwater, a device for installing a radar reflector or SART, a betary with a signal light, etc.).
cylinders with non-toxic gas for inflation (1-3min), but it’s not that simple
Supply:

2 floating oars; drainage means: floating scoop and 2 sponges; 2 floating anchors, one of which is permanently attached to the raft, and the second is a spare one. Immediately after deployment of the drop-type raft, the attached drogue deploys automatically.

Rafts, approximate equipment: Special non-folding knife without a piercing part with a floating handle. The knife is located in a pocket on the outside of the awning near the place where the launch line is attached to the raft. a rescue ring with a floating line at least 30 meters long; repair kit for repairing punctures: glue, plugs and clamps; 3 can openers; scissors; hand pump or bellows for pumping up the raft; canned drinking water at the rate of 1.5 liters per person; food ration based on 10,000 kJ per person; first aid kit; seasickness tablets with a duration of action of at least 48 hours per person; one hygiene bag per person; fishing accessories; thermal protective equipment in the amount of 10% of the estimated number of people, but not less than 2 units; instructions for preserving life on life rafts.
List of supplies for the school. 1 . A sufficient number of floating oars to ensure the movement of the boat in calm water. Each oar must be provided with a kochet-type oarlock, rotary oarlock or other equivalent device. The oarlocks must be attached to the boat with pins or chains; 2. Two release hooks; 3. Floating bailer and two buckets; 4. Instructions for saving life;

5. A binnacle with a reliable compass, illuminated or equipped with a suitable means of illumination. On fully enclosed lifeboats the binnacle shall be permanently installed at the helm station; on all other lifeboats the binnacle shall be provided with suitable provisions for its fastening; 6. A drogue of sufficient size with a draught that can withstand jerks and a nyral that allows you to firmly grip it with your hands when wet. The strength of the sea anchor, the main anchor and the niral should be sufficient for any sea conditions; 7. Two reliable painters of length not less than twice the distance from the lifeboat stowage point to the waterline at the ship's lightest seagoing draft, or 15 m, whichever is greater. One painter, attached to the release device required by regulation III/41.7.7, shall be located near the bow of the lifeboat and the other shall be firmly attached to or near the stem of the lifeboat and be ready for use; 8. Two axes - one at each end of the lifeboat; 9. Sailing weapons with rigging and sails; 10 . Watertight vessels containing a total quantity of fresh water at the rate of 3 liters for each person permitted to be accommodated on the lifeboat, of which 1 liter per person may be replaced by a desalination apparatus capable of producing the same amount of fresh water in 2 days; 11 . Stainless steel ladle with pin; 12. Stainless steel graduated drinking vessel;

13. A food ration of at least 10,000 kJ for each person allowed to be accommodated on a lifeboat; this food ration must be in airtight packaging and stored in a waterproof container; 14. Four parachute rockets; 15. Six flares; 16 . Two floating smoke bombs; 17 . One waterproof electric torch, suitable for Morse code signaling, with one spare set of batteries and one spare bulb in waterproof packaging; 18. One daytime signaling mirror with instructions for its use to signal ships and aircraft; 19 . One copy of the rescue signal table in waterproof design or in waterproof packaging; 20. One whistle or other equivalent sound signal;

21. A first aid kit in a waterproof container that can be tightly closed again after use; 22. Six doses of seasickness medication and one hygiene bag for each person; 23. A folding knife attached to the boat by a pin; 24. Three can openers; 25 . Two floating life rings attached to a floating line at least 30 m long; 26 . Hand pump; 27. One set of fishing accessories;

28. A sufficient number of tools to perform minor adjustments to the engine and related devices; 29. Portable fire extinguisher suitable for extinguishing oil fires; 30. A floodlight capable of providing effective night-time illumination of a light-colored object 18 m wide at a distance of 180 m for a total of 6 hours and operating continuously for at least 3 hours; 31. A set of flags for sending distress signals;

32. An effective radar reflector if the lifeboat does not have a radar transponder installed; 33. Emergency radio transmitter kit; 34. Thermal protective equipment, in quantities sufficient for 10% of the number of persons permitted to be accommodated on a lifeboat or two, whichever is greater; 35 . Three wetsuits; 36 . Set of threads and twines; 37. A tarpaulin to collect rainwater.

Signaling means: radar beacon - transponder (SART); VHF portable radio; 4 red parachute flares; 6 red flares; 2 floating smoke bombs; electric waterproof flashlight; signal mirror (heliograph) and signal whistle; table of rescue signals. Now there is a MS - a sea evacuation system - it can be installed by 1 person and can accommodate all the people... as many as it fits o.+
There are storm ladders - for putting people into life-saving equipment - hmm

There was a post about Harmony, I just remember from the photos, so here’s an example: Harmony of the Seas- 16-deck ship, 362 meters long and weighing 120,000 tons, cost 1 lard dollars. The largest known cruise ships accommodates up to 6,300 passengers and 2,100 members

9 boats as we see (lifeboats) on each side *2 = 18 pieces and the number, for example, with a light load of 5400 passengers excluding the crew. i.e. 5400/18= 300 people per boat. where 300 where 400 is less or more. Shall we fit in? ..Let's shove it in! Have a nice trip! Happy sailing!