There are two main types: military And civil. Structures of the first type are used to perform various strategic tasks, mainly for defense or, conversely, the destruction of military facilities. Within this family, a complex grid is formed, consisting of a complex system of subgroups. Civil liners are passenger and cargo, the main types of aircraft are discussed in more detail below.

It is worth noting that there are many groups according to various characteristics and it is impossible to single out a single most common one. So, there are the following classifications of aircraft: according to the aerodynamic configuration, according to the tail, according to the number and type of wings, and so on.

It is impossible to consider all classifications within the framework of one article. Moreover, detailed description Classifications and types of aircraft devoted to a huge amount of literature. Therefore, here we will consider the most common division.

Perhaps it is worth starting with the technique used for strategic purposes, since there are more types in this category. Basically, such aircraft can be seen at parades dedicated to the Great Victory Day, in films or in museums.

Bombers

The main task that bombers must perform is to defeat ground targets from the air. For this, bombs and rockets are used. The list of the most famous bombers includes Su-24, Su-34, XB-70 Valkyrie, Boeing B-17.

The first aircraft of this type can be called "Ilya Muromets", created in 1913 by designer Igor Sikorsky. Directly under the bomber, it was converted during the First World War.

Fighters

These aircraft are used to destroy air targets. However, despite such a sonorous and rather aggressive name, fighters belong to the class of defense equipment, and as a rule, these aircraft are not used separately for the offensive. It is curious that at first the fighter pilot had to shoot at the enemy from a revolver while driving the ship, which later gave way to a machine gun. During the Second World War, fighters were actively used, for example, LaGG-3, MiG-3, Yak-1. German pilots flew Bf. 109, Bf. 110 and Fw 190.

Fighter-bombers

A universal technique that combines the qualities of the two aircraft described above. Their main advantage is that they can fire at ground targets without cover. They combine three most important features: lightness, maneuverability and sufficient weapons for a firefight. Among the most common examples are the MiG-27, Su-17, F-15E Strike Eagle, SEPECAT Jaguar.

Fighter-bomber Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II

Interceptors

This is a subspecies of fighters worthy of a separate class. The primary task of such aircraft is the destruction of enemy bombers. They differ from fighters by the presence of radar equipment in addition to rapid-fire guns. The well-known Soviet models include Su-9, Su-15, Yak-28, MiG-25 and others.

Stormtroopers

Aircraft from this category were designed for air support of ground forces during combat. The secondary task is the defeat of sea and ground targets. Perhaps the most famous name for ground attack aircraft designed in the Soviet Union is the Il-2. Interestingly, this particular model is the most mass-produced in history: a total of 36,183 units of this technique.

Aircraft of civil aviation

Today, air transport is one of the most popular means of transportation. In the modern world, there are so many pieces of passenger vehicles that every 3 seconds, somewhere on the globe, one passenger liner. Below is the most common classification of aircraft.

Passenger wide-body double-deck aircraft Airbus A380

Widebody

Such aircraft are large in size, they are designed for flights over medium and long distances (some models overcome routes up to 11,000 km long). The length of the hull can reach 70 meters, and the width of the cabin allows you to accommodate 7-10 seats in a row. Aircraft such as the Boeing 747 and A380 have two decks. Due to the high cost, aircraft from this group are at the disposal of a relatively small number of airlines.

Narrow-body

This is the largest group, liners from which are used, as a rule, for routes of short or medium length. The fuselage diameter most often does not exceed 4 meters. The most famous aircraft from this category is the Boeing 737, more precisely, 10 types of aircraft belonging to the Boeing 737 family.

Regional and local

The former include small aircraft that carry up to 100 passengers over distances not exceeding 2-3 thousand km. Notably, both turboprop and jet engines can be used. Examples of aircraft from this group include ERJ, ATR, Dash-8 and SAAB.

Local aircraft cover at a time routes no more than 1000 km long, a maximum of 20 seats are provided in the cabin. The most famous manufacturers of this equipment are Cessna and Beechcraft.

In contact with

Flight geometric and weight characteristics, general layout, equipment used, as well as the design of individual parts are largely determined by the purpose of the aircraft. By purpose, all aircraft can be divided into two large groups: 1) civil and 2) military.

Civil aircraft
Civil aircraft are used to transport passengers, cargo, mail and to serve various sectors of the national economy. They, in turn, can be divided into the following main types.

1. Passenger aircraft designed to carry passengers, baggage and mail. Depending on the flight range, the number of passengers carried, the size and type of runways, these aircraft are divided into mainline and local line aircraft.

Long-haul aircraft, depending on the flight range, are divided into:
a) close ones with a flight range of 1000 ... 2000 km;
b) medium with a flight range of 3000 ... 4000 km;
c) long-range with a flight range of 5000 ... 11 000 km.

Aircraft of local lines are divided into:
a) heavy with the number of passengers 50 ... 55;
b) average with the number of passengers 24 ... 30;
c) lungs with the number of passengers 8 ... 20.

2. Cargo aircraft, the main purpose of which is the transportation of various cargoes.

3. Special purpose aircraft used in various areas of the national economy. These are polar, agricultural, air ambulance aircraft, aircraft for geological aerial reconnaissance, to protect forests from fires, for aerial photography, etc.

4. Training aircraft for pilot training. They are divided into initial training and transitional aircraft. Initial training aircraft are two-seat aircraft that are quite simple in learning and piloting techniques. Transition aircraft are used to train pilots to fly serial aircraft in operation.

Military aircraft are used to deliver air strikes against military installations, communications, manpower and equipment of the enemy in his rear and in the front line, to protect their facilities and troops from enemy aircraft, for landing troops, transporting troops, equipment and cargo, for intelligence, communications, etc.

Depending on the specific purpose, military aircraft can be divided into the following types.
1. Bombers, the purpose of which is to deliver bombing strikes on the most important objects, communications centers, places of concentration of equipment and manpower of the enemy in his rear.

2. Fighters that serve to combat enemy aircraft. They, in turn, can be divided into several types:
a) escort fighters designed to protect their bombers performing a combat mission from enemy aircraft;
b) front-line fighters that protect their troops from
enemy aircraft over the battlefield and in the frontline;
c) anti-aircraft fighters - interceptor fighters, the purpose of which is to intercept and destroy enemy bombers.

3. Fighter-bombers equipped with bombs, rocket and cannon weapons and serving to strike at objects in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bforward positions and in the near rear of the enemy and to destroy his aircraft.

4. Military transport aircraft used for landing troops, transporting troops, equipment and various cargoes.

5. Reconnaissance aircraft designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance behind enemy lines and over the theater of operations.

6. Auxiliary aircraft, which include spotter aircraft, communications aircraft, sanitary aircraft, etc.

The main parts of the aircraft and their purpose
The main parts of an aircraft are the wing, fuselage, empennage, landing gear and power plant.

The wing is the bearing surface of an aircraft designed to generate aerodynamic lift.

The fuselage is the main part of the aircraft structure, which serves to connect all its parts into one whole, as well as to accommodate the crew, passengers, equipment and cargo.

Plumage - bearing surfaces designed to provide longitudinal and directional stability and controllability.

Chassis - a system of aircraft supports used for takeoff, landing, movement and parking on the ground, on the deck of a ship or on the water.

The power plant, the main elements of which is the engine, is used to create traction.

In addition to these main parts, the aircraft has a large number of various equipment. It is equipped with main control systems (control of control surfaces: ailerons, elevators and rudders), auxiliary control (control of mechanization, cleaning and landing gear, hatch doors, equipment units, etc.), hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, electrical equipment, high-altitude, protective equipment, etc.

Classification of aircraft according to the scheme
Classification of aircraft according to the scheme is carried out taking into account the relative position, shape, number and type of individual components of the aircraft units. The aircraft scheme is determined by the following features:

1) the number and arrangement of wings;
2) fuselage type;
3) the location of the plumage
4) chassis type;
5) type, number and location of engines.

It is possible to fully characterize the aircraft layout only on the basis of all these five features. Classification according to only one or several of them cannot give a complete picture of the scheme.

According to the number of wings, all aircraft are divided into biplanes and monoplanes, and the latter, depending on the relative position of the wing and fuselage, are divided into low plans, medium plans and high plans. According to the type of fuselage, aircraft are divided into one-fuselage and two-beam. Depending on the conditions of takeoff and landing, aircraft may have wheel, ski, or float landing gear. In seaplanes, the fuselage can also serve as boats. There are mixed schemes: wheel-ski chassis, amphibious boat.

Piston and gas turbine engines are used as the main engines on modern aircraft. The most widespread at present are gas turbine engines, which, in turn, are divided into turboprop, turbojet, turbojet with afterburner and turbojet bypass. The choice of the type of engines, their number and location is determined to a large extent by the purpose of the aircraft and has a significant impact on its layout.

On August 15, Russia celebrates Aircraft Builder Day. The Russian aviation industry now includes about 250 enterprises. Russia is one of the largest aircraft manufacturers and ranks third in the world in terms of output after the US and the EU.

aircraft builders different countries today they produce a wide range of aircraft - from ultralight aircraft to heavy and superheavy aircraft capable of carrying more than 500 passengers or 150-250 tons of cargo.

What an aircraft consists of and what types of aircraft are, see the AiF.ru infographic.

The device and types of aircraft. Infographics: AiF

How many aircraft are being built in Russia?

This year, the Russian aircraft industry intends to build about 150 military and civilian aircraft. Production of the SSJ-100 should increase from 24 to 40 vehicles. Four of these aircraft will be received by Aeroflot, which became the first carrier to begin commercial operation of the SSJ-100. Another 11 aircraft will be received by the Mexican company Interjet, which began flying this aircraft last year. It is assumed that Gazprom Avia, which already has one SSJ-100 in its fleet, and the same number of UTair airlines will receive six more aircraft. The remaining SSJ-100s will go to state customers, in particular, one of them will be received by the Ministry of Industry and Trade. In 2013, about 100 military and 32 civilian aircraft were built in Russia, of which 24 are Sukhoi Superjet.

For more information on what aircraft are produced in Russia,

On whether Russia will be able to replace foreign aircraft with its own,

Project "Rysachok"

Starting next year, Russia plans to start serial production of the new Russian regional aircraft "Rysachok". This is a light twin-engine turboprop aircraft designed by Scientific and Commercial Company Technoavia LLC. Produced at the Samara enterprise "TsSKB-Progress".

"Rysachok" will be necessary for local airlines that will use small aircraft capable of landing on poorly equipped airfields.

Czech Walter engines and American avionics are installed on the aircraft. Since 2016, the production of domestic engines will be launched.

The aircraft is presented in two versions - for ten and sixteen passengers. Its flight range is 2000 km, cruising speed is 250-400 km/h.

In civil aviation, flight devices are divided into the following categories:

passenger,

agricultural purpose,

transport,

postal,

experimental

Passenger aircraft

Let's start the review of civil aviation models with them. This type of air Vehicle, as the name implies, is designed to carry passengers. The first serial aircraft carrying civilians is considered to be the same domestic Ilya Muromets, which in the future was converted into a bomber. He made his first flight from St. Petersburg to Kyiv with sixteen passengers back in 1914. The most popular airliner during the existence of aviation is the American device Douglas DC-3,

Douglas DC-3

made the first aviation flight back in 1935. Various modifications of it are still in use today. For example, the Soviet version of this aircraft was the Li-2. The first aircraft have been described above. The names of the main competitors in the modern passenger aviation market are Boeing and Airbus.

Boeing

The Boeing Company was founded in 1916. Since then, it has been producing aircraft, mainly for civil aviation, although there are also military transport models. The most famous names passenger aircraft this company - Boeing 737, Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787. aircraft classification their types types names.

Boeing 737

The first of the above models was released in 1968, and today it is the most massive of all passenger aircraft. boeing 747,

Boeing 747

produced a year later, is a pioneer among wide-body airliners. The Boeing 747-8 is the longest passenger aircraft. It was released in 2010. Today, the Boeing 777, which has been produced since 1994, has become the most popular in the passenger aviation market.

Boeing 777

The newest corporation model on this moment- Boeing 787 2009 creation.

Boeing 787

"Airbus"

As mentioned earlier, Boeing's main competitor in the world market is the European company Airbus, headquartered in France. It was founded much later than its American rival - in 1970. The most famous aircraft names of this company are A300, A320, A380 and A350 XWB. Launched in 1972, the A300 is the very first twin-engined wide-body aircraft.

Airbus A300

The A320, manufactured in 1988, was the first in the world to use a fly-by-wire form of control.

Airbus A320

The A380, which first took to the skies in 2005, is the largest in the world.

Airbus A380

He is able to take on board up to 480 passengers. The latest development of the company is the A350 XWB.

A350XWB

Its main task was to compete with the previously released Boeing 787. And this airliner successfully copes with this task, bypassing its rival in terms of efficiency.

Soviet passenger aircraft

The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the main brands: Tu, Il, An and Yak. The first domestic jet airliner is the Tu-104, released in 1955.

Tu-104

Tu-154, the first takeoff of which was made in 1972, is considered the most massive Soviet passenger aircraft.

Tu-154

The 1968 Tu-144 gained legendary status as the world's first airliner to break the sound barrier.

Tu-144

He could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km / h, and this record has not been broken to our time. At the moment, the latest operating model of an airliner developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau is the Tu-204 aircraft of 1990, as well as its modification Tu-214.

Tu-214

Naturally, in addition to Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The most popular names are: Il-18, Il-114, Il-103, An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

IL-114

Yak-40

Airliners of other countries of the world

In addition to the above, there are noteworthy models from other manufacturers of passenger aircraft. The British airliner De Havilland Comet, released in 1949, is the first jet airliner in world history.

De Havilland Comet

The French-British airliner Concorde, developed in 1969, gained wide popularity.

Concorde

He went down in history for being the second good luck(after the Tu-144) the creation of a supersonic passenger aircraft. And so far, these two airliners are unique in this regard, since so far no one else has been able to produce a passenger aircraft suitable for mass operation, capable of moving faster than sound.

Transport workers

The main purpose of transport aircraft is to transport goods over long distances. Among the devices of this type, it is necessary to designate Western models of passenger aircraft modified for transport needs: Douglas MD-11F, Airbus A330-200F, Airbus A300-600ST and Boeing 747-8F.

Douglas MD-11F

But most of all in the production of transport aircraft, the Soviet, and now the Ukrainian design bureau named after Antonov, became famous. It produces aircraft that constantly break world records in terms of carrying capacity: An-22 1965 (carrying capacity - 60 tons), An-124 1984 (carrying capacity - 120 tons), An-225 1988 (takes on board 253, 8 t).

An-225

The latest model holds the hitherto unbroken load capacity record. In addition, they planned to use it to transport the Soviet Buran shuttles, but with the collapse of the USSR, the project remained unrealized. IN Russian Federation with transport aviation, everything is not so rosy. The names of Russian aircraft are as follows: Il-76, Il-112 and Il-214. But the problem is that the currently produced Il-76 was developed back in Soviet times, in 1971, and the rest are planned to be launched only in 2017.

IL-76

Agricultural aircraft

There are aircraft whose tasks include the treatment of fields with pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. This type of aircraft is called agricultural. Of the Soviet samples of these devices, the U-2 and An-2 are known, which, due to the specifics of their use, were popularly called "maize" by the people.

U-2

The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the main brands: Tu, Il, An and Yak.

The first domestic jet airliner is the Tu-104, released in 1955. Tu-154, the first takeoff of which was made in 1972, is considered the most massive Soviet passenger aircraft. The 1968 Tu-144 gained legendary status as the world's first airliner to break the sound barrier. He could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km / h, and this record has not been broken to our time. At the moment, the latest operating model of an airliner developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau is the Tu-204 aircraft of 1990, as well as its modification Tu-214.

Naturally, in addition to Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The most popular names are: Il-18, Il-114, Il-103, An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

Tu-154 Speed. Dimensions. Weight. Capacity. Fuel consumption. Story

Work on the new Tu-154 passenger aircraft began at the A.N. Tupolev in 1963. The first jet passenger aircraft of this Design Bureau were designed on the basis of combat aircraft: Tu-104 based on Tu-16, Tu-114 based on Tu-95. In contrast, the new third-generation aircraft became the first passenger aircraft for the design bureau that did not have a military prototype. At that time, three types of passenger aircraft flew on Aeroflot's medium-haul lines: Tu-104, Il-18 and An-10. This led to difficulties in ensuring the normal process of technical operation of three structurally different machines.

local passenger aircraft

Aircraft of this type have compact dimensions and a cabin with a maximum capacity of twenty people. The maximum distance that such aircraft are able to overcome does not exceed 1000 kilometers. These aircraft are usually equipped with piston or turboprop engines, which can significantly reduce the cost of their operation.

What speed the aircraft has directly depends on its type, as well as on the design features. Aircraft flying long distances usually have a higher speed, which allows them to spend less time on the road.

Other types of classification

By the number of engines, aircraft have a ranking from one to twelve engines.

According to the type of engine, aircraft are divided into the following categories: with an electric engine, piston, turboprop, jet, rocket, and also devices with a combined engine.

According to the type of chassis, the classification of aircraft is as follows: wheeled, ski, hovercraft, tracked, float, amphibious. Naturally, the most common are aircraft with wheeled landing gear.

By weight, aircraft are divided into super-light, light vehicles, medium-weight aircraft, heavy and super-heavy.

According to the number of wings, in the direction of decreasing their number, aircraft are divided into polyplanes, triplanes, biplanes, sesquiplanes and monoplanes.

There is also a classification according to the size of the fuselage: narrow-body and wide-body.

According to the classification of the type of control, aircraft are divided into manned and unmanned aerial vehicles.

According to the form of take-off, all aircraft can be divided into the following categories: vertical take-off, horizontal and short.

Fighters

The main task of these devices is the destruction of aircraft and other objects that are in the air.

The names of fighter planes will also say a lot to a connoisseur of military affairs. The most famous Soviet models of the Second World War period are LaGG-3, I-15 bis, MiG-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. In the same era, German aircraft Bf.109, Bf.110 and Fw 190, as well as jet Me.262, Me.163 Komet and He 162 Volksjager won world fame.

Among the Soviet fighters of a later era, the MiG-31, Su-27 and MiG-29 should be distinguished. Nowadays the sky is filled with modern Russian aircraft. Their names are well known to aviation specialists. These are 4++ generation fighters Su-35 and MiG-35.

Among modern American models, the world's first number five generation fighter, the Boeing F-22, as well as the earlier F-4 and F-15 Eagle models, stand out.

Domestic aircraft industry

Models of passenger aircraft in the history of Russian and Soviet aviation are numerous and varied. The design of the first domestic aircraft began under Emperor Nicholas II, quite successful aircraft "Russian Knight" and "Ilya Muromets" were created, which proved to be excellent bombers on the fronts of the First World War. Epic heroes were specially chosen for the name of Russian aircraft in order to maintain morale in regular army units.

After the October Revolution, many private commercial companies for the production of aviation equipment were abolished, instead state-controlled design bureaus appeared with a well-defined plan: to work only for the military-industrial complex.

With the onset of peacetime, types of passenger aircraft began to be developed with particular diligence, and air transportation gained more and more popularity. Now the Russian aviation industry is largely dependent on Western partners, but there are also some developments, and the number of models produced per year is gradually growing.

Additional Information. Even at the dawn of the Soviet aviation industry, a curious tradition was born: any model of an aircraft is called by the name of the design bureau that created it.

An-24

The Antonov Design Bureau was engaged in the development of the aircraft; over 17 years of production, approximately 1200 models were produced. During the Soviet period, the airliner was used on domestic flights and coped well with various weather conditions. Some air carriers in the Russian Federation still operate this model, which can carry up to 52 passengers at a time. The plane has in stock