View of Balaklava, TASS

Territorial claims against Russia, as the largest country on the planet, are not a new phenomenon, and Russia's reaction to this issue is a real reason for pride. For each "disputed" territory, calmly and politely, with sympathy and understanding, he tries to explain that all the lands belonging to Russia and the Russian people will forever remain with Russia. But the leaders of a number of countries do not want to reckon with this obvious position, continually making a fuss about the so-called "disputed" Russian territories.

But the most interesting thing is that Russia does not make territorial claims against any country in the world, and as it happened historically, it happened. Indeed, if we start to present, we will have to remember the powerful Russian Empire, whose territory in the 19th century was 21.8 million km² (that is, 1/6 of the land) - it ranked second in the world, after the British Empire. And this is without taking into account the territory of Alaska, which was part of it from 1744 to 1867 and occupied an area of ​​1,717,854 km², excluding the Aleutian Islands, as well as parts of the Pacific coast of the USA and Canada ... Russia does not recall all this, but it could …

So which countries have territorial claims to Russia?

The Republic of Korea: Noktundo island

Photo: smitsmitty.livejournal.com

Noktundo has belonged to the Korean Joseon Dynasty since the 15th century. In 1587, a battle took place on its territory between detachments of Jurchen nomads and the local garrison under the command of Li Sunsin, the national hero of Korea.

During the shallowing of the northern branch of Tumannaya, the riverbed changed from time to time, as a result of which Noktundo sometimes connected with the land of Primorye. Despite this, the territory of the island continued to be under Korean jurisdiction.

In 1860, without the consent of the Korean side, Noktundo was ceded to the Russian Empire in accordance with the Beijing Treaty between Qing China and Russia. Throughout the 20th century, the territory of the island was part of the Khasansky district of Primorsky Krai.

In 1990, the USSR and the DPRK signed an agreement on the establishment of the state border line along the Tumannaya fairway, thanks to which the territory former island was recognized as Soviet. This deal was not recognized by South Korea, which continues to consider the territory of Noktundo its own.

Japan: Kurile Islands

Perhaps the most relevant today are Japan's claims to Russia regarding the southern Kuril Islands: Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and the Habomai archipelago. These territories first appeared on the map of Russia in the middle of the 18th century, when the captain of the Russian fleet Martyn Petrovich Shpanberg plotted the Lesser Kuril Ridge on it. Catherine II secured these accessions by decree of 1786, calling them "lands acquired by Russian sailors."

However, already in 1855, they were transferred to Japan according to the Shimoda Treaty as a guarantee of "permanent peace and sincere friendship between Russia and Japan." This agreement was followed by the St. Petersburg Treaty, according to which all the Kuriles passed to Japan in exchange for the Japanese part of Sakhalin. The latter was subsequently lost during the Russo-Japanese War.

The chance to return the lost territories presented itself after the Yalta Conference on February 11, 1945, at which an agreement was reached on the entry of the USSR into the war against Japan, subject to the transfer of South Sakhalin and all the Kuril Islands to it. In accordance with this agreement, General of the Allied Forces Douglas MacArthur in 1946, by a special Memorandum, excluded the Kuril Islands (Tishima Islands), the Habomai (Khabomadze) island group and Sikotan Island from the territories of the Land of the Rising Sun.

However, the peace treaty between Russia and Japan was never signed. Japan refused to recognize a number of the Kuril Islands, which had passed to Russia, as "Kuril Islands". According to the official position of the Land of the Rising Sun, the islands of Iturup, Shikotan, Kunashir and Khabomai (Southern Kuriles) were not part of the Kuriles and Japan did not refuse them.

The territorial dispute only worsened under the conditions of the Cold War. In 1956, the USSR, according to the naval declaration, was ready to cede the islands of Habomai and Shikotan to Japan, leaving behind the strategically important Kunashir and Iturup. However, in the event of such a compromise, the United States threatened the Land of the Rising Sun with the deprivation of the Ryukyu archipelago with the island of Okinawa, which was then under the control of America.

The failed compromise was, in fact, the last precedent in history when the Kuril issue could get off the ground. The “Treaty on Cooperation and Security between the USA and Japan”, adopted shortly after, legalized the presence of American troops on Japanese territory, which was naturally regarded by the USSR as a threat to its own interests. The dispute "about the northern territories" has reached a complete dead end.

To date, the four islands of the South Kuriles, as well as the status of the Northern Islands and South Sakhalin, remain the main stumbling block in Russian-Japanese relations, which prevents the summing up of the Second World War and the signing of a peace treaty. According to the position of Russia, all the Kuril Islands, including Iturup, Shikotan, Kunashir and Khabomai, as well as the whole of Sakhalin, belong to the Russian Federation legally, following the results of the Second World War.

Russia is ready, as before, to make concessions in the form of the islands of Habomai and Shikotan. Japan, whose position is consistently supported by the United States, considers all the Southern Kuriles to be its original lands, illegally occupied by Russia, and the Northern Kuriles and Southern Sakhalin, territories with an indefinite status. On her part, a peace treaty is possible only with the return of all four disputed islands. At the same time, there is a third force - the indigenous people of the Ainu, who insist on their sovereign rights to the Southern Islands.

Ainu natives

The situation sometimes reaches the point of absurdity. Thus, in 2012, the Japanese government officially expressed regret in connection with the visit of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev to the island of Kunashir, calling it "serious obstacles in bilateral relations."

The return of the Kuriles is the cornerstone of the foreign policy of the current Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. Today, the Japanese media adhere to the position that the territorial issue has finally moved off the dead center, in connection with Vladimir Putin's statement that the absence of a peace treaty with Japan is abnormal.

Latvia: claims to Pytalovo

The legacy of the revolution and the subsequent division of the Russian Empire was the long-term territorial dispute between Russia and Latvia over the Pytalovsky district of the Pskov region. This territory was the last to be transferred under the terms of the Riga Peace Treaty between Soviet Russia and Latvia of 1920. According to the official Latvian version, the ethnographic principle was applied when defining the border in 1920. According to other sources, Latvia insisted on transferring this area to it, since it had an important railway junction. In any case, Pytalovo became part of the breakaway Latvia, and was soon renamed Jaunlatgale.

But the lost territories were returned twenty years later, in 1940, after the inclusion of Latvia into the USSR as the Latvian SSR. And in 1944, Pytalovo and the surrounding area became part of the RSFSR, after the liberation from the Nazi occupation. After the collapse of the USSR, Latvia refused to recognize these territorial changes, calling its inclusion in the Union of Socialist Republics an occupation, and Pytalovo an illegally annexed territory, insisting on the return of the 1920 borders. The area with the telling name "Pytalovo" became a source of irritation in relations between Moscow and Riga for a long time.

He disrupted the signing of the Russian-Latvian border treaty when Latvia unexpectedly included in the draft a unilateral, "explanatory" declaration with claims to these territories. According to Latvian politicians, the fact that Pytalovo was owned by Russia violated the Latvian constitution, according to which the border (of course, corresponding to the border of 1920) cannot be changed without the consent of citizens in a referendum. In response to this, Vladimir Putin uttered his famous phrase: "From a dead donkey, their ears, and not the Pytalovsky district."

Latvia could have insisted for a long time on its undoubted ownership of the "five kilometers" of the Pskov region, if not for its desire to join the European Union, one of the main requirements of which are clearly defined borders. In 2007, the President of Vike-Freiberga renounced her territorial claims, expressing the hope that this would: "help unfreeze the really frozen relations with the eastern neighbor."

Finland: the Karelian question

While Latvia has given up its territorial claims, there is a growing number of public organizations in Finland advocating the return of Karelia and other territories lost during the Second World War. The upcoming public discussion on hypothetical ways of returning Karelia, which may take place in the very near future, was reported by Vesti Karelia. According to them, among the initiators are the revanchist organization ProKarelia, the Karelia club, and the magazine Karjalan kuvalehti.

During its history, Karelia was both a Swedish duchy, and Korelsky district, and Olonets vicegerency. This land has become controversial more than once.

The Karelian question arose as a result of the terms of the Tartu Peace Treaty of 1920, at the end of civil war in Finland and the Soviet-Finnish war. Under its terms, Western Karelia became the property of Finland. The territories were returned during World War II, and the Karelian-Finnish population was evacuated to Finland. In 1956, the Karelian-Finnish SSR was transformed into autonomy within the RSFSR.

Despite the fact that Finland does not officially raise the issue of revising the borders, in the country, according to recent polls, 38% of respondents are in favor of returning Western Karelia. In 2011, the leader of the ProKarelia movement already known to us, Veikko Saksi, came up with a similar initiative, saying that the return of Karelia to Finland complies with all EU standards. However, the President of Finland, Sauli Niiniste, during his working visit to Moscow in 2013, denied this information, saying that he had never heard such a proposal among the Finnish legislators.

China: dispute over 17 hectares

Today, China has territorial claims on almost all of its neighbors. Russia is no exception. More recently, in 2005, the Russian-Chinese border has undergone changes in the form of 340 square kilometers: a plot of land near Bolshoi Island and two plots near Tarabarov and Bolshoi Ussuriysky Islands, at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers, came under the jurisdiction of the PRC. However, this was not the end of China's territorial claims against Russia.

In 2012, when checking the state border between the countries, China announced the need to move it deep into Russia, putting forward a claim to the "originally Chinese" 17 hectares of the Altai mountainous area. It should be noted that the dispute arose because of a small area of ​​hard-to-reach territory, located at an altitude of 2500-3000 meters, and not equipped, on this moment, checkpoints. As a result, the Chinese side was unable to provide any documents in support of its claims to the Altai 17 hectares, which turned overnight into disputed territories.

Ukraine Crimea

View of Balaklava, TASS

Crimean peninsula, on which the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol are located, became part of Russia on March 18, 2014 according to the results of a referendum held on its territory, in which the vast majority of Crimeans voted for reunification with Russia.

When secession from Ukraine, Crimea used the same grounds as it did in 1991 when secession from the USSR, namely:

• The right of peoples to self-determination
• Security threat due to coup d'état
• Continuation of centuries-old historical traditions

Ukraine, of which Crimea had previously been a part, had already lost its previously existing statehood at the time of the referendum, since the coup, during which the incumbent president was deposed by parliament in clear violation of constitutional procedures, automatically placed all power in the country outside the constitution and legally destroyed the state as such.

The results of the referendum are not openly recognized by Ukraine and the West, the rest of the world for the most part simply bypasses the issue. In any case, the topic will remain open for some time, among other things, because in 1954 the Crimea was transferred to Ukraine with other borders - since then, the northern part of the Arabat Spit with the village of Strelkovoe still remain in the Kherson region. In general, the issue is closely related to future fate New Russia.

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Abstract on the topic:

"Disputed Territories"

Pupil 8 "A" class

linguistic gymnasium №13

Korostyleva Vladimir

Scientific adviser: Lokteva Galina Ivanovna

I.Introduction…………………………………………p.1

II.History of the discovery and development of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island……………………..page 2

III. The problem of the "Northern Territories" after the second

World War…………………………………..page 4

IV.Conclusion…………………………………..page 10

V. Bibliography…………………………………p.11

Globalization processes are beginning, countries are actively cooperating with each other, but still there are unresolved problems, territorial issues, for example, the dispute over Western Sahara between Mauritania and Morocco, over the island of Mayote (Maore) between France and the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, about the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands between Great Britain and Argentina, the War of Independence of Palestine, etc. Russia is also among the disputants, Japan lays claim to the southern part of the Kuril archipelago. This is what I am going to talk about in my essay.

The Problem of the “Northern” Territories

The ancient and medieval history of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands is full of secrets. So, today we do not know (and we are unlikely to ever know) when the first people appeared on our islands. Archaeological discoveries of recent decades only allow us to say that this happened in the Paleolithic era. The ethnic affiliation of the population of the islands remains a mystery until the first Europeans and Japanese appeared here. And they appeared on the islands only in the 17th century and were caught in the Kuriles

and southern Sakhalin Ainu, in northern Sakhalin - Nivkhs. Probably already then the Ulta (Oroks) lived in the central and northern regions of Sakhalin. The first European expedition that ended up near the Kuril and Sakhalin

coast, was the expedition of the Dutch navigator M.G. Friz. He not only explored and mapped the southeast of Sakhalin and the South Kuriles, but also proclaimed Urup a possession of Holland, which, however, was left without

any consequences. Russian explorers also played a huge role in the study of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. First - in 1646 - the expedition of V.D. Poyarkov discovered the north-western coast of Sakhalin, and in 1697 V.V. Atlasov learned about the existence of the Kuril Islands. Already in the 10s. 18th century the process of studying and gradually joining the Kuril Islands to the Russian state begins. The success of Russia in the development of the Kuriles became possible thanks to the entrepreneurial spirit, courage and patience of D.Ya. Antsiferov, I.P. Kozyrevsky, I.M. Evreinov, F.F. Luzhin,

M.P.Spanberg, V.Valton, D.Ya.Shabalin, G.I.Shelikhov and many other Russian explorers-explorers. Simultaneously with the Russians, who were moving along the Kuriles from the north, the Japanese began to penetrate into the South Kuriles and the extreme south of Sakhalin. Already in

second half of the 18th century. here appear Japanese trading posts and fishing, and since the 80s. 18th century - scientific expeditions begin to work. Mogami Tokunai and Mamiya Rinzo played a special role in Japanese research.

At the end of the XVIII century. research off the coast of Sakhalin was carried out by a French expedition under the command of J.-F. Laperouse and an English expedition under the command of V.R. Broughton. The emergence of the theory about the peninsular position of Sakhalin is connected with their work. The Russian

navigator I.F. Kruzenshtern, who in the summer of 1805 unsuccessfully tried to pass between Sakhalin and the mainland. G.I. Nevelskoy put an end to the dispute, who in 1849 managed to find a navigable strait between the island and the mainland. The discoveries of Nevelskoy were followed by the accession of Sakhalin to Russia. Russian military posts and villages appear one after another on the island. In 1869-1906. Sakhalin was the largest penal servitude in Russia. Since the beginning of the XIX century. Sakhalin and the Kuriles become the object of the Russian-Japanese territorial dispute. In 1806-1807. on South Sakhalin and Iturup, Russian sailors defeated Japanese settlements. The answer to this was the capture by the Japanese of the Russian navigator V.M. Golovnin on Kunashir. Over the past two centuries, Russian-Japanese

the border has changed several times. In 1855, in accordance with the Shimodsky Treaty, the border passed between the islands of Urup and Iturup, while Sakhalin was left undivided. In 1875, Russia handed over to Japan the Northern Kuriles that belonged to it, receiving in return all rights to Sakhalin. Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands met the beginning of the 20th century as part of different states. Sakhalin was part of the Russian Empire, the Kuril Islands were part of the Japanese Empire. The issue of the territorial belonging of the islands was resolved by the Russian-Japanese

an agreement signed in 1875 in St. Petersburg. In accordance with the St. Petersburg Treaty, Japan ceded to Russia all its rights to Sakhalin. Russia, in exchange for this, ceded the Kuril

islands. As a result of Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Japan managed to seize South Sakhalin from her. In 1920-1925. Northern Sakhalin was under Japanese occupation.

The last time the Russian-Japanese border changed was in 1945, when our country regained South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands as a result of victory in World War II. In August-September 1945, with US approval, the Soviets occupied all the Kuriles, and in 1946 the US Occupation Administration announced to the Japanese government that the entire Kuril chain, including Habomai, was excluded from Japanese territory. In 1951, Japan began peace negotiations with the United States and its allies. Moscow participated at first, but then withdrew from the talks under the pretext of disagreements over US actions in the Cold War. Despite this, the final text of the San Francisco Peace Treaty establishes quite unequivocally that Japan "renounces all rights, claims and claims to the Kuril Islands."

At that time, Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida, who was negotiating on the Japanese side, publicly stated that Japan was unhappy with this wording, especially with regard to the southern part of the islands. Administratively, Habomai and Shikotan under Japanese rule

always referred to Hokkaido, and not to the Kuriles. As for Iturup and Kunashir, the historical fate of these two islands differs from the fate of the rest of the Kuriles, the rights of Russia to which were recognized by Japan as early as 1855.

Nevertheless, Yoshida signed the treaty. All he could get from the Americans, represented by the ardent anti-Communist Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, was that if Japan had such strong feelings for Habomai, it might try

apply to the International Court of Justice. Regarding the Japanese claims to the rest of the islands, the answer was very loud silence.

In 1955, Japan began trying to negotiate a separate peace treaty with Moscow. Japan understood the weakness of its position regarding the islands. But she hoped that there was an opportunity to get at least some

concessions regarding Habomai and Shikotan and to ensure that the United States, France and Britain recognize that at least these islands do not belong to the Kuril Islands, which Japan abandoned in 1951.

To Tokyo's surprise, the Soviets agreed to this demand: they wanted to stop Tokyo from moving closer to the US. But the conservatives in the Foreign Ministry, fearing any Japanese-Soviet reconciliation, immediately intervened and included Iturup and Kunashir in the list of territorial claims. Moscow said no, and the conservatives calmed down.

Nevertheless, in 1956, Prime Minister Ichiro Hatoyama decided to try to break the stalemate and sent his conservative foreign minister, Mamoru Shigemitsu, to Moscow with the authority to negotiate peace.

Shigemitsu started with the already standard Japanese requirements of Iturup and Kunashir - - was immediately refused. However, the Soviets again offered to return Shikotan and Habomai on the condition that a peace treaty be signed.

contract. Shigemitsu decided to accept this offer. However, when news of a possible deal leaked out, the Tokyo anti-communist

The Conservatives are back in action.

Shigemitsu was recalled and on the way home was "intercepted" by the same John Foster Dulles, who only five years earlier forced the Japanese to abandon the Kuril Islands, including most of what is now called the Northern Territories. Dulles warned that if Japan stopped claiming all of the Northern Territories, the US would not

will return Okinawa to the Japanese. Tokyo immediately broke off negotiations with Moscow.

Scientists argued a lot about how Dulles managed to make such a 180-degree turn. One theory claims that the US knew in 1951 that if it did not abide by the Yalta Accords over the Kuriles, Moscow might cease to abide by the Yalta Accords.

agreements on Austria - the problem had all but disappeared by 1956. Another interesting theory put forward by Professor Kimitada Miwa of Sophia University in Tokyo claims that the 1951 American position was the result of a deal with the Soviets that secured Micronesia to the United States by decision of the UN Security Council three years earlier.

And, finally, there is such a theory that the insidious Dulles thought everything over and planned in advance. His intention from the very beginning was to force Japan to give up the Kuriles in 1951 and, knowing that the Japanese would later try to return the islands, to include in the peace treaty an article

Allowing the US to turn in its favor any concession that the Japanese might make to the Russians in the future. In short, if Japan allows the Soviets to hold even part of the Kuriles, the US is holding Okinawa. Today's Japanese position completely ignores all the subtleties described above. She simply states that the Northern Territories are ancestral Japanese lands ("koyu no ryodo") and as such must be returned. As far as the San Francisco Treaty is concerned, Tokyo puts forward two highly controversial arguments. The first is that, since the treaty does not say who exactly should receive the very Kuriles that Japan refused, then anyone, including Japan itself, can claim them. Another argument is that the Northern Territories do not belong to those Kuril Islands that Japan refused, and indeed cannot be treated, being, again, "original Japanese lands." With the last argument, however, not everything is in order. If Japan had not really given up the Northern Territories in 1951, then why would Yoshida have declared to the whole world in 1951 that he was devastated by the loss of the Northern Territories? Upon his return from San Francisco, he appeared before Parliament and was asked whether the term "Kuril Islands" used in the San Francisco Treaty included Iturup and Kunashir. The Office of Treaties of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, responding officially to this request on behalf of the Prime Minister, replied to Parliament on October 19, 1951: "Unfortunately, yes, it includes." Over the following years, Foreign Ministry officials commented on this key point in the following way: that the answer to parliament on October 19 was: a) misunderstood, b) outdated, and, finally, c) was "kokunai flour", that is, "for internal use" , - in other words, foreigners like me should not stick their nose into such matters. Foreign Ministry officials also like to indicate vigorous support from the United States, which, since 1956, has officially stated that Iturup and Kunashir definitely do not belong to the territories, which Japan abandoned in San Francisco. It is clear that the US, saying exactly the opposite of what it said in 1951, is simply using a little Cold War-style ploy to keep Tokyo and Moscow at bay - but such an assumption is politely ignored. But not only the United States participated in this process. In 1951, Britain played a major role in forcing Japan to give up the Kuriles, and the British embassy in Tokyo has in its archives a report from 1955, where the unexpected demand by the Japanese of Iturup and Kunashir was called "amusing and naive." Today Britain supports the same demand as perfectly reasonable. Australia, which in 1951 made efforts to prevent any concessions to Yoshida on territorial issues (for fear that post-war Japan would use any border uncertainty as an excuse for militarization), today also unequivocally supports the Japanese position. In short, what began as an exercise in punishing Japan for wartime aggression turned into the most successful operation of the Cold War to keep Japan in the West's camp. I am not suggesting that the Japanese position be completely abandoned. If Tokyo would refer to the reluctance with which Yoshida abandoned the Kuriles, and especially from their southern part in San Francisco, and would present some secret documents demonstrating what exactly the United States forced him to surrender, this would constitute a good legal basis for that. to push for a revision of this part of the peace agreement. But today Japan is trapped in its own claims that it never gave up the Northern Territories, so it no longer dares to tell the truth about what exactly happened in 1951. It is easier for her to blame everything on the former Soviet Union than on the United States. It vainly insists on the return of these "primordial lands" by Moscow, not realizing that in the face of precisely such a demand, Moscow cannot yield, even if it wanted to, for fear of setting a precedent that would allow its other neighbors to lay claim to the former "primordial lands". ". Hashimoto's suggestion that Moscow can control the territories for a few more years, provided it recognizes Japanese sovereignty over them, shows how inadequate Tokyo perceives both the laws of international diplomacy and the Russian mentality. Meanwhile, most Japanese, even educated ones, have completely forgotten what exactly happened back then, in the 50s, and are convinced that Tokyo's demands are absolutely legal. The government is being urged to continue negotiations in a hard-line manner and ignore Moscow's regular hints that it is still ready to return Shikotan and Habomai. Such a dispute is doomed to eternal extension. And John Foster Dulles is giggling to himself in his coffin.

I believe that the Kuriles should belong to Russia, because. Japan abandoned them in 1951 and it is too late to abandon their decisions, she lost the war and must endure the hardships associated with this. After all, if all peoples demand their lands, then there will be no such states as the USA, Great Britain, Russia, etc. And secondly, Russia and Japan are still at war, and from the beginning it is necessary to sign a peace treaty, and only then talk about territorial disputes.

On September 28, 1939, the Treaty of Friendship and Border between the USSR and Germany was signed. It was signed by German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR Molotov. We decided to talk about the five disputed territories of Russia with other states.

The treaty between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was concluded on September 28, 1939. It was signed after the invasion of Poland by the armies of Germany and the USSR by German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR Molotov. According to this agreement, the territory of Poland was divided between Germany and the USSR. The text of the treaty and a map with the border line between the USSR and Germany were published in the Soviet press. Under this treaty, Lithuania passed into the sphere of influence of the USSR. This provided the Soviet Union with German non-intervention in relations with Lithuania, which resulted in the establishment of the Lithuanian SSR on June 15, 1940.

DISPUTE ISLANDS

The Kuril Islands include 30 large and many small islands. They are part of the Sakhalin region of Russia and are of great military-strategic and economic importance. However, the southern islands of the archipelago - Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and the Habomai group - are disputed by Japan, which includes them in the Hokkaido prefecture.

Moscow's principled position is that the southern Kuril Islands became part of the USSR, whose successor was Russia, and are an integral part of the territory Russian Federation on legal grounds following the results of the Second World War, enshrined in the UN Charter, and Russian sovereignty over them, having the appropriate international legal confirmation, is not subject to doubt.

In Japan, they say that the northern territories are the centuries-old territories of this country, which continue to be under the illegal occupation of Russia. According to the Japanese position, in the event that the northern territories belong to Japan, it is ready to flexibly approach the time and procedure for their return. In addition, since the Japanese citizens living in the northern territories were forcibly evicted by Joseph Stalin, Japan is ready to come to an agreement with the Russian government so that the Russian citizens living there will not suffer the same tragedy. In other words, after the return of the islands to Japan, she intends to respect the rights, interests and desires of the Russians now living on the islands.

TAKEN ONE AND A HALF ISLANDS

The problem of the disputed islands of Tarabarov and Bolshoi Ussuriysky arose in 1964, when a new draft agreement on the border between Russia and China was developed. And the story was like this. In 1689, the Treaty of Nerchinsk was concluded, when Russia recognized China's rights to lands on the right bank of the Amur and in Primorye. In the middle of the 19th century, taking advantage of the weakness of China, Russia annexed 165.9 thousand square kilometers of Primorye, which were under joint control. China was left without access to the Sea of ​​Japan. During World War II, between Stalin and the commander-in-chief of the PLA Mao Zedong, who controlled the northern regions of China, an agreement was concluded on drawing the border line along the Chinese bank of the Amur and Ussuri rivers. Thus, China was actually deprived of the right to use the fairway of these rivers, but received support from the USSR.

In 2004, an agreement was signed between Russia and China on the Russian-Chinese state border on its eastern part. The document defines the border in two sections: in the area of ​​Bolshoy Island in the upper reaches of the Argun River (Chita Region) and in the area of ​​the Tarabarov and Bolshoy Ussuriysky Islands at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers near Khabarovsk. Tarabarov is completely given to China, and Ussuriysky is only partially. The border line, according to the document, runs both along the middle of the rivers and on land. The territory of both sites (about 375 sq. km) is distributed approximately in half.

WANTED TO CUT OFF A PIECE

Estonia lays claim to the Pechora district of the Pskov region and the right bank of the Narva River with Ivangorod. On May 18, 2005, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Russia and Estonia, Sergey Lavrov and Urmas Paet, signed agreements on the state border and delimitation of maritime spaces in the Narva and Gulf of Finland, fixing the passage of the state border between the two states along the former administrative border between the RSFSR and the Estonian SSR "with a slight adjustment on the conditions adequate territorial compensation”. One of the main subjects of negotiations on the Russian-Estonian border is the Saatse boot. It was planned to transfer it to Estonia, exchanging it for other territories. The agreement was not ratified by Russia, due to the amendments made to it by the Estonian side.

FISH WAR

For almost half a century, Russia has been waging an undeclared fish war with Norway. Most of the fighting takes place on the territory of the famous "twilight zone" in the Barents Sea. This is a disputed body of water the size of half Germany or Italy, two-thirds of the UK.

The essence of the dispute boils down to the fact that Russia drew the border along the coast of the island of Svalbard, Norway believed that the border should be equidistant from Svalbard on the one hand and Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya on the other. Since the states were on friendly terms, the dispute over the border rarely resulted in any actions, and occasionally there were detentions of Russian fishing boats. However, in the future, the dispute escalated, since hydrocarbon reserves were discovered in the Barents Sea, including in the disputed territories. In April 2010, the parties agreed that the new delimitation line would divide the disputed territory into two equal parts, the 40-year-old dispute was finally settled on September 15, 2010 after the signing of the agreement "On the delimitation of maritime spaces and cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean" transfer of 90 thousand sq. m. km. in favor of Norway.

CRIMEA - A TERRITORY OF DISPUTES

For many years, disputes around perhaps the most beautiful and favorite vacation spot of the Soviet people have not subsided. Crimea is not only an "all-Union health resort", but also a strategic territory.

In 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, relations between Ukraine and Russia worsened. The people living in Russia, after the loss of so many territories, remembered the Crimea, which could be returned, because. transferring it to Ukraine in 1954 was disapproved by many. At the same time, 80 percent of Crimean residents said they consider themselves citizens of Russia, and Crimea is part of its territory. But Ukraine had one very significant lever of pressure on Russia - the Black Sea Fleet. In January 1992, the then President of Ukraine L. Kravchuk announced that he had taken the Black Sea Fleet under his guardianship. It was a collapse for Russia. But the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine is a very huge loss for Russia.

Read more: http://smartnews.ru/

List of territories about which there are disputes and whose sovereignty is in question. This category contains information about territories that do not independently claim the status of a separate sovereign state, and disputes between recognized and partially recognized states are considered as disputes between recognized states.
EUROPE
1. Lake Constance - a latent conflict about the ownership of the lake between Austria, Germany and Switzerland.
2. Veliki Shkolzh and Mali Shkolzh - controlled by Croatia, disputed by Bosnia and Herzegovina.
3. Top of Mont Blanc - a dispute about the ownership of the peak between France and Italy.
4. Military complex near Sveta Gera, in the region of Žumberak - administered by Slovenia, contested by Croatia.
5. Gibraltar - Spain claims that the territory belongs to her under the Treaty of Utrecht. Managed by the UK.
6. Piran Bay - a long dispute between Slovenia and Croatia.
7.Ivangorod and Pechersky district - Russia recognized them as part of Estonia under the Tartu Treaty of 1920. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the region remained with Russia. Formally, Estonia has no claims in this area.
8. Imia or Kardak is part of the Aegean dispute between Greece and Turkey.
9. Carlingford Lough - border dispute between Ireland and the UK.
10. Loch Foyle - a border dispute between Ireland and Great Britain.
11. The settlements of Vasilyevka, Dorotskoye, Kochiery, Koshnitsa, Novaya Molovata, Pogrebya, Pyryta, Kopanka and part of the city of Bendery (settlement Varnitsa) - controlled by Moldova, disputed by the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
12. The area around the peak of Montmalus - between Andorra and Spain.
13.Olivensa - administered by Spain, disputed by Portugal.
14. Vukovar Island - controlled by Croatia, disputed by Serbia.
15. Tuzla Island and Kerch Strait– disputed by Ukraine from Russia since 2003.
16. Sherengrad Island - during the existence of Yugoslavia, it was part of Croatia. During the war, it was controlled by the armed forces of the Serbian Krajina. Came under Serbian administration after the war, disputed by Croatia.
17. Isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain - Spain claims that the UK illegally occupies the territory because it was not included in the Treaty of Utrecht.
18. Prevlaka - controlled by Croatia, disputed by Montenegro.
19. Regions of the Danube, parts of the regions of Osijek and Sombor - a dispute between Croatia and Serbia.
20.Sarych - controlled by Ukraine, disputed by Russia. The conflict is based on the division of the Black Sea Fleet and the lease agreement for Sevastopol facilities.
21. Sastavsi - administered by Serbia, disputed by Bosnia and Herzegovina.
22. Northern Kosovo - under local government and controlled by KFOR, disputed by the Republic of Kosovo and Serbia.
23. Rockall Rock - administered by the UK, disputed by Ireland, Denmark (Faroe Islands) and Iceland.
24. The mouth of the Ems and the western part of the Gulf of Dollars - a dispute between the Netherlands and Germany.
25. Aegean dispute - a wide range of contentious issues about the ownership of the national airspace, territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone between Greece and Turkey.
ASIA AND OCEANIA
1. Aasal, Al-Qaa, Al-Qasr, Deir Al-Aashayer, Kfar Kouk and Tufail is a disputed territory between Lebanon and Syria.
2. "Point 20", a small piece of land reclaimed from the sea in Singapore - Malaysia claims that it is in its territorial waters.
3. Abu Musa - controlled by Iran, disputed by the United Arab Emirates.
4. Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yukhara, Askipara, Bakkhudarli and Yaradullu - controlled by Armenia after the Nagorno-Karabakh war.
5. Aksai Chin - controlled by China, disputed by India.
6.Albert Mayer - Administered by Tonga, disputed by New Zealand
7. The enclaves of Bhutan in Tibet (Cherkip Gompa, Dungmar, Gesur, Gezon, Itse Gompa, Khochar, Nyanri, Ringang, Sanmar, Tarchen and Zufilfuk) - controlled by China, disputed by Bhutan.
8. Artsvashen/Bashkend is an exclave of the Gegharkunik region of Armenia, held by Azerbaijan after the Nagorno-Karabakh war.
9. Beveridge - controlled by Tonga, disputed by Niue (associated with New Zealand state)
10. Big Tomb and Small Tomb - controlled by Iran, disputed by the United Arab Emirates.
11. Boraibari - controlled by Bangladesh, disputed by India.
12. Gilgit-Baltistan - administered by Pakistan, disputed by India.
13. Golan Heights - Syrian territory captured by Israel in 1967 and annexed by Israel in 1981.
14. The Bakdu Mountains is a disputed territory between North Korea and China, which is also claimed by Taiwan and South Korea.
15.Daihata-Dumabari - administered by India, disputed by Bangladesh.
16. Demchok, Chumar, Kaurik, Shipki Pass, Jadh and Lapfal are disputed areas located between Aksai Chin and Nepal, controlled by India but disputed by China and Taiwan. Demchok controls China.
17. Jammu and Kashmir - divided between Pakistan, India and China, disputed by India and Pakistan.
18. Doi Lang - controlled by Burma, disputed by Thailand.
19. Isfara Valley - administered by Kyrgyzstan, disputed by Tajikistan.
20. Shaksgam Valley - administered by China, disputed by India.
21.Indo-Bangladeshi Enclaves - There are 103 Indian enclaves inside the main body of Bangladesh while there are 71 Bangladeshi enclaves inside the main body of India. In 1974 Bangladesh approved a proposed treaty to exchange all the enclaves in each other's territories, but India never ratified it.
22. Karang Unarang is a disputed territory between Indonesia and Malaysia.
23.Korean Peninsula - Northern and Southern Territories claim each other's territory as their own.
24.Kula Kngri and mountainous areas west of this peak, the western region of Haa - administered by China, claimed by Bhutan.
25. Siachin Glacier and Saltoro Region - Captured by India in 1984, disputed by Pakistan.
26. Durand Line - tribal territory partly administered by Pakistan and Afghanistan, Afghanistan claims all land inhabited by Pashtuns.
27. Lifitila - controlled by India, disputed by Bangladesh.
28. Minerva - ruled by Tonga, disputed by Fiji
29. The monastery complex of David Gereji is a border dispute between Georgia and Azerbaijan.
30.Small parts of the Oecussi region - administered by East Timor, disputed by Indonesia.
31. Some islands on the Naf River are disputed between Bangladesh and Burma.
32. Several areas in the Ferghana Valley are disputed between Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.
33.Niloson (Lancaster) - disputed by France (French Polynesia)
34. Oaruh and Umm Al-Maradim - Administered by Kuwait, contested by Saudi Arabia.
35. Kalapani region, Sasta river dispute, Antudanda and Nawalparasi - administered by India, contested by Nepal.
36. The Prachinburi area is disputed between Thailand and Cambodia.
37. Renaissance Island (now a peninsula) is a disputed territory between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
38. Swains Island - US-ruled, contested by Takelau, which is dependent on New Zealand, which also does not recognize US sovereignty over the island.
39. Hawar Island - administered by Bahrain, disputed by Qatar
40. South Talpatti or New Moore Island, a come and go island that was disputed between India and Bangladesh from the 1970s to the 2000s, still affects the uncertainty of the maritime border.
41. Islands in the Torres Strait between the Australian peninsula of Cape York and the island New Guinea- administered by Australia, disputed by Papua New Guinea
42. Macclesfield Islands - Administered by China, contested by Taiwan and Vietnam.
43. Matvey and Hunter Islands - disputed between Vanuatu and France.
44. Senkaku Islands (Daoyu) - administered by Japan, disputed by China and Taiwan.
45. The Spratly Islands are disputed between China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei.
46. ​​Islands Ukatny, Rigid and disputed island of Little Pearl - controlled by Russia, disputed by Kazakhstan.
47. Khuriya Islands Miraya - Administered by Oman, disputed by Yemen.
48. Paracel Islands - fully controlled by China, disputed by Taiwan and Vietnam.
49. The pass of three pagodas is disputed between Burma and Thailand.
50.Pirdivah - administered by India, disputed by Bangladesh.
51. Border dispute between Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
52. Pratas - controlled by China, disputed by Taiwan.
53. Pulau Batek - transferred by Timor to Indonesia as compensation in 2004.
54. Various territories: Dac Jerman, Dac Dang, the La Drank zone, the islands of Bae, Milyu, Eyu, Peak, and Northern Piratis are disputed between Vietnam and Cambodia.
55. Muharaja River Island - controlled by India but disputed by Bangladesh.
56. Minerva Reefs - controlled by Tonga, but claimed by Fiji.
57. Sabah (North Barneo) - controlled by Malaysia. The Philippines retains claims to Sabah on the grounds that it is a historical part of the Sultanate of Sulu, whose successor is the Philippines.
58. Gaza Strip - controlled by Hamas, disputed by the Palestinian National Authority, formed from representatives of Fatah
59. The village of Perevi - in Soviet times, it was partly part of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region, on the basis of which part of the village (the so-called Maly Perev) is considered by the authorities of South Ossetia the territory of the republic. The reason for the disputed status is the impossibility of access to the Georgian part of the village, bypassing the South Ossetian one. In 2008-2010 Perevi was completely controlled by Russia. Since 2010, it has been transferred under the control of Georgia (including Maly Perev).
60. The village of Aibga in the Gagra district of Abkhazia with the adjacent territory (160 sq. km) is disputed by Russia as part of the single village of Aibga, divided in Soviet times by the administrative border along the Psou River between the RSFSR and the Georgian SSR. Controlled by Abkhazia.
61. Liancourt Rocks - Administered by South Korea, disputed by Japan.
62. Scarborough - administered by China, disputed by the Philippines and Taiwan.
63. Sir Creek - small swampy land disputed between India and Pakistan.
64. Thewa-i-Ra (ex. Conway) - controlled by Fiji, disputed by France (New Caledonia)
65.Tuva - ruled by Russia, disputed by Taiwan
66. Wake - Administered by the US, contested by the Marshall Islands.
67.Fasht Ad-Dibal and Kitat Jaradeh are disputed between Bahrain and Qatar, not included in the 2001 Judgments of the International Court of Justice during the division.
68. Shabaa Farms is a disputed territory between Israel and Syria, which is also claimed by Lebanon.
69. Jiandao - administered by China, contested by Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea.
70. Part of the Poipet commune - administered by Thailand, disputed by Kombodia.
71.Part of Akrotiri Sovereign Base - UK controlled, disputed by Cyprus.
72.Part of Dakelia Sovereign Base - UK-administered, disputed by Cyprus.
73. Shatt al-Arab is a disputed territory between Iraq and Iran.
74. South Kuril Islands - administered by Russia, disputed by Japan.
75. Southern Tibet - Administered by India, but contested by China and Taiwan, which do not recognize the legitimacy of the McMahon line.
AFRICA
1. Abyei - Both Sudan and South Sudan claim the area, but control Sudan after the independence of South Sudan since 2011.
2.Bakassi - the area was transferred to Cameroon by Nigeria by decision of the International Court of Justice and the conclusion of the Greentree Agreement.
3. Bank du Geyser - France claims that the islands are part of the group of islands in the Indian Ocean within the French Southern and Antarctic lands. Disputed by Madagascar and the Comoros.
4.Basas da India, the island of Europe and the island of Juan de Nova - de facto part of the French Southern and Antarctic lands, disputed by Madagascar.
5. Bure - administered by Ethiopia, disputed by Eritrea.
6. The Caprivi strip is a disputed territory between Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
7. Ceuta - ruled by Spain, disputed by Morocco.
8. The Chagos Archipelago - Great Britain administers the archipelago within the British Indian Ocean Territory. Disputed by Mauritius and the Seychelles.
9. Part of Gikumbi District, Northern Province - administered by Rwanda, contested by Uganda.
10. Gloriose Islands - de facto part of the French Southern and Antarctic lands, disputed by Madagascar, Seychelles and Comoros.
11. The Halaiba Triangle - was previously under the joint control of Egypt and Sudan. Egypt now claims full control.
12. Heglig - claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan, controlled by South Sudan, internationally recognized as part of Sudan.
13. Ilemi Triangle - administered by Kenya, disputed by South Sudan.
14.Islas Chafarinas - administered by Spain, disputed by Morocco.
15. Jodha - claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan, controlled by South Sudan.
16. Part of the Kabale area - administered by Uganda, disputed by Rwanda.
17. Kafiya Kingi - claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan, controlled by South Sudan.
18. Kaka - claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan, controlled by South Sudan.
19. Ka-Ngwane - controlled by South Africa. Swaziland claims that the territory was confiscated during the colonial wars.
20. Part of the Kahemba region is a disputed area between Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The countries agreed to end the dispute in July 2007, but the issue has not been fully resolved.
21. The village of Koualou is disputed between Benin and Burkina Faso.
22. Village of Kpeaba - Guinean troops have occupied the village since January 2013, but de jure belongs to Côte d'Ivoire.
23. Moyo District, an area near Logoba - disputed between South Sudan and Uganda.
24. Lanchinda-Pweto Province - administered by Zambia, disputed by the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
25. Islands in Mbamba Bay and Lake Nyasa - controlled by Tanzania, disputed by Malawi on the basis of the Anglo-German treaty of 1890.
26. The islands of Mbanje, Cocotiers and Congo are disputed between Gabon and Equatorial Guinea.
27. Melilla - administered by Spain, disputed by Morocco.
28. The surroundings of Migingo Island and further north, near the islands of Lolwe, Owasi, Remba, Ringiti and Sigulu in Lake Victoria, are disputed between Kenya and Uganda.
29. Ogaden - belongs to Ethiopia, but is inhabited by ethnic Somalis, which was the reason for the claim from Somalia. This was the reason for the two Ogaden wars - 1962 and 1977.
30. Several islands on the Ntem River are disputed between Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea.
31. Several villages near the Okpara River are disputed between Benin and Nigeria.
32. Orange River Border - Namibia claims that the border runs along the middle of the river, while South Africa claims that it lies along the north coast.
33. Peñón de Alusemas - administered by Spain, disputed by Morocco.
34. Peñon de Vélez de la Gomera - Administered by Spain, contested by Morocco.
35. Perejil Island - Administered by Spain, disputed by Morocco. After the 2002 incident, both countries agreed to return to the status quo of the previous incident.
36. Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island - Administered by Eritrea, contested by Djibouti.
37. The Rufunzo Valley and Sabanerwa are disputed between Rwanda and Burundi.
38. Rukwanzi Island and the Semliki Valley are disputed between the Congo and Uganda.
39. Sindabezi Island - Administered by Zambia, contested by Zimbabwe.
40. Sokotri archipelago - Somalia does not officially claim the archipelago, but asked the UN to look into the "status" of the archipelago, whether it should belong to Yemen or Somalia.
41.Southeastern Algeria - disputed by Libya.
42. Tiran and Sanafir Islands - administered by Egypt, disputed by Saudi Arabia.
43. Tromelin Island - de facto part of the French Southern and Antarctic lands, disputed by Mauritius and the Seychelles.
44. Tsoron-Zalambessa is a disputed territory between Ethiopia and Eritrea.
45. Wadi Halfa - administered by Egypt, disputed by Sudan.
46. ​​Coast of Yenga, left bank of the Macon and Moa rivers - administered by Sierra Leone, disputed by Guinea.
47. Badme is the pretext for the 1998 Ethiopian-Eritrean war. Currently under Ethiopian control.
48. Mayotte - In a 2009 referendum, the population decided to become an overseas department of France, but the Comoros claim the territory.
49.South-eastern part of Western Sahara - administered by Morocco, disputed by Western Sahara.

NORTH AMERICA
1. Hans Island - Canada and Denmark (on behalf of Greenland) claim ownership of the island.
2. Continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 miles - the ownership of a small gap beyond 200 nautical miles of the economic zones of the United States, Cuba and Mexico has not yet been definitively determined.
3. Machias Seal Island - US and Canada can't determine ownership.
4.North Rock - US and Canada can't determine ownership.
5. Strait of Juan de Fuca - US and Canada cannot determine ownership.
6. Dixon-Entrance - US and Canada can't determine ownership.
7. Portland Canal - US and Canada can't determine ownership.
8. Beaufort Sea - US and Canada can't determine ownership.
9. The Northwest Passage and some other Arctic waters are in Canadian territorial waters, but the US claims navigational rights
CENTRAL AMERICA
1.Isla Aves - Administered by Venezuela, Dominica renounced claims to the island in 2006, but continues to claim adjacent seas.
2. Bajo Nuevo - controlled by Colombia. Honduras recognized the sovereignty of Colombia, Nicaragua, Jamaica and the United States did not recognize.
3. Southern half of Belize - disputed by Guatemala, which previously claimed all of Belize.
4.Northern part of the island of Calero - controlled by Costa Rica, disputed by Nicaragua.
5. Island of Conejo - controlled by Honduras, disputed by El Salvador.
6. Navassa - US-ruled, contested by Haiti.
7. Sapodilla Cay - administered by Belize, disputed by Guatemla and Honduras.
8. Serranilla - Jamaica recognized the sovereignty of Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua and the United States do not recognize.
SOUTH AMERICA
1. Guyana West of the Essequibo River - Venezuela and Guyana have overlapping maritime claims. Barbados and Guyana also signed an agreement on joint cooperation in this area.
2. Ankoka Islands - Administered by Venezuela, contested by Guyana.
3.Arroyo de la Invernada (Rincón de Artigas) and Vila Albornoz - Uruguay disputes 237 sq. km. the river Invernada near the Masoller region.
4. Falkland (Malvinas) Islands - administered by the UK, disputed by Argentina.
5. French Guiana west of the Marouini River - administered by France, disputed by Suriname.
6. Guaira Falls (Set Quidas) - disputed islands, partly controlled by Brazil and Paraguay, were flooded by the Itaipu Reservoir.
7. Guyana east of the upper arm of the Quarantine - Administered by Guyana, contested by Suriname.
8. Isla Brasiliera - Administered by Brazil, but Uruguayan officials claim the island is part of their Artigas department.
9.Isla Suarez - Administered by Bolivia, contested by Brazil.
10. The maritime border of the Gulf of Venezuela - Colombia claims that it has the right to the waters in this bay.
11.South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands - administered by the UK, disputed by Argentina.
12. The ice field of Southern Patagonia between Monte Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallion - the border has not yet been officially defined, however, Argentina and Chile have their own claims here.