What did Robinson Crusoe's house look like? Interesting facts Where was the island of Robinson Crusoe.

30.01.2022

Robinson's life is filled with new - and pleasant - worries. Friday, as he called the saved, turned out to be a capable student, a faithful and kind comrade. Robinson puts three words at the basis of his education: "master" (referring to himself), "yes" and "no". He eradicates bad savage habits by teaching Friday to eat broth and wear clothes, as well as "to know the true god" (prior to this, Friday worshiped "an old man named Bunamuki, who lives high"). Mastering English. Friday tells that seventeen Spaniards who escaped from the lost ship live on the mainland with his fellow tribesmen. Robinson decides to build a new pirogue and, together with Friday, rescue the captives. The new arrival of the savages disrupts their plans. This time, the cannibals bring in a Spaniard and an old man who turns out to be Friday's father. Robinson and Friday, no worse than his master with a gun, free them. The idea of gathering everyone on the island, building a reliable ship and trying their luck at sea is to the liking of the Spaniard. In the meantime, a new plot is being sown, goats are being caught - a considerable replenishment is expected. Taking an oath from the Spaniard not to surrender to the Inquisition, Robinson sends him with Friday's father to the mainland. And on the eighth day, new guests come to the island. The rebellious team from the English ship brings the captain, assistant and passenger to be punished. Robinson cannot miss such a chance. Taking advantage of the fact that he knows every path here, he frees the captain and his comrades in misfortune, and the five of them deal with the villains. Robinson's only condition is to bring him to England with Friday. The rebellion is pacified, two notorious villains are hanging on a yardarm, three more are left on the island, having humanely provided with everything necessary; but more valuable than provisions, tools and weapons - the very experience of survival that Robinson shares with the new settlers, there will be five of them in total - two more will escape from the ship, not really trusting the captain's forgiveness.

Robinson's twenty-eight-year odyssey ended: on June 11, 1686, he returned to England. His parents died long ago, but a good friend, the widow of his first captain, is still alive. In Lisbon, he learns that all these years his Brazilian plantation was managed by an official from the treasury, and since it now turns out that he is alive, all the income for this period is returned to him. A wealthy man, he takes care of two nephews, and prepares the second for sailors. Finally, Robinson marries (he is sixty-one years old) "not without benefit and quite successfully in all respects." He has two sons and a daughter.

Can you try to answer the quiz questions yourself?

Google to the rescue, there is a lot of everything about Friday And in general, you should read books, and not wait until someone does your homework for you

and they occasionally visited Thursday

no every new day is a new experience

Saturday. although not. Monday. he always dreamed of doing it with this day ;)

the ship crashed and sank, the entire crew died, Robinson Crusoe built his first dwelling from the wreckage and made some supplies, the next storm swept away the remains of the ship completely, such things ... read more carefully!

Robinson Crusoe Island Geographical coordinates archipelago: 800 west longitude and 33040 "south latitude. The archipelago bears the name of the Spanish navigator who discovered it in 1563. Once the two largest of the islands were called Mas-a-Tierra (Closer to the earth) and Mas-a-Fuera ( further from the ground).The third is named Santa Clara.The length of Mas-a-Tierra is about 20 kilometers and the width is about 5 kilometers.Natural conditions The islands of the Juan Fernandez archipelago are of volcanic origin.They are covered with mountains. high peak Islands is Mount Yunke - 1000 meters above sea level.
The soil is fertile. Lots of streams. All three islands of the archipelago are covered with forests and are national parks, due to the presence on the islands of many rare plants - more than 100 species (such as a giant prehistoric fern, giant daisy, Chonta palm, Nalka tree) and birds. Fragrant sandalwood trees grow on the tops of the mountains.
In some parts of the island of Robinson Crusoe, the famous feral goats are still found. The waters around the islands are abundant with sea turtles, sea lions, spiny lobsters, fish and seals. The climate in this area is mild oceanic, with pleasant temperatures, moderate humidity and little difference between the seasons. In August, the coldest month of the year, the average air temperature is +12 degrees, and in February, the warmest, +19oC. About 300 - 400 mm of precipitation falls annually. A bit of history: from Robinson Crusoe to the present day The Pacific archipelago of Juan Fernandez was away from the routes of merchant and warships, so throughout the 17th century it was a haven for pirates. "Robinsonilis" are quite common here. The very first unwitting hermit on the islands was their discoverer Juan Fernandez.
He had to live here for several years, and he began to breed goats on the island. Over time, the goats left by him became wild, bred and provided food and clothing for all subsequent unwitting inhabitants of the uninhabited island. For more than three years since 1680, an Indian from the Miskitos tribe from Central America lived on the island, "forgotten" here by pirates. Nine sailors were landed on the same island in 1687 for gambling in dice. Provided with the necessary supplies, they did not change their habit: for almost all their time, the sailors played, first for money, and then for various parts of the island. So three years passed. And only in 1703, Alexander Selkirk appeared on Mas-a-Tierra, a 26-year-old Scottish sailor who served as a boatswain on the Senckor galley, who quarreled with the captain and went ashore "of his own free will." That's what it says in the log book. Selkirk was landed on a desert island, part of the Juan Fernandez archipelago, where he spent more than four years in complete solitude. It was his story that inspired Daniel Defoe, and he wrote a wonderful book with a long title: "The life and amazing adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for twenty-eight years all alone on a desert island off the coast of America near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown out by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship, except him, died, with an account of his unexpected release by pirates, written by himself.

The book brought worldwide fame not only to its author Daniel Defoe, the prototype of the protagonist Alexander Selkirk, but also to the archipelago itself.
USEFUL HERE: Alexander Selkirk Cave
A platform in the wilds from which the Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk (the prototype of Robinson Crusoe) looked out for some kind of saving ship. It is located at an altitude of 550 m above sea level. It has a memorial plaque in honor of Robinson. A few months ago, Scottish sailors who visited the island erected a small monument to their fellow countryman in the neighborhood.
Spanish Fort Santa Barbara, which served in 1749 to repel attacks by pirates. (By the way, evidence that pirates liked the secluded archipelago at one time is that it is still not uncommon to find treasures and pirate household items on it)
The place where the German battleship Dresden was sunk by the English ships Orama, Glasgow and Kent during the First World War in 1915.
Various military relics: Spanish cannons, cannonballs, Chilean naval regalia of the war with Peru in 1879.

ja ne 4tal pro Robinzona Kruwku ! poetomu nawet FAKEla niznaju mozet i ne bilo u nego FAKEla::::::::::D nidumajte wto ja neandertalec prosto mne v padlu 4itat" literaturnie proizvedenija , lu4we nau4noe 4tonibud"...:D

maybe mushrooms...

Robinson Crusoe Island Geographical coordinates of the archipelago: 800 west longitude and 33040 "south latitude. The archipelago bears the name of the Spanish navigator who discovered it in 1563. Once the two largest of the islands were called Mas-a-Tierra (Closer to the earth) and Mas -a-Fuera (Further from the earth) The third one is called Santa Clara Mas-a-Tierra is about 20 kilometers long and about 5 kilometers wide Natural conditions The islands of the Juan Fernandez archipelago are of volcanic origin They are covered with mountains The highest peak of the islands is Mount Yunke - 1000 meters above sea level.
The soil is fertile. Lots of streams. All three islands of the archipelago are covered with forests and are national parks, due to the presence on the islands of many rare plants - more than 100 species (such as a giant prehistoric fern, giant daisy, Chonta palm, Nalka tree) and birds. Fragrant sandalwood trees grow on the tops of the mountains.
In some parts of the island of Robinson Crusoe, the famous feral goats are still found. The waters around the islands are abundant with sea turtles, sea lions, spiny lobsters, fish and seals. The climate in this area is mild oceanic, with pleasant temperatures, moderate humidity and little difference between the seasons. In August, the coldest month of the year, the average air temperature is +12 degrees, and in February, the warmest, +19oC. About 300 - 400 mm of precipitation falls annually. A bit of history: from Robinson Crusoe to the present day The Pacific archipelago of Juan Fernandez was away from the routes of merchant and warships, so throughout the 17th century it was a haven for pirates. "Robinsonilis" are quite common here. The very first unwitting hermit on the islands was their discoverer Juan Fernandez.
He had to live here for several years, and he began to breed goats on the island. Over time, the goats left by him became wild, bred and provided food and clothing for all subsequent unwitting inhabitants of the uninhabited island. For more than three years since 1680, an Indian from the Miskitos tribe from Central America lived on the island, "forgotten" here by pirates. Nine sailors were landed on the same island in 1687 for gambling in dice. Provided with the necessary supplies, they did not change their habit: for almost all their time, the sailors played, first for money, and then for various parts of the island. So three years passed. And only in 1703, Alexander Selkirk appeared on Mas-a-Tierra, a 26-year-old Scottish sailor who served as a boatswain on the Senckor galley, who quarreled with the captain and went ashore "of his own free will." That's what it says in the log book. Selkirk was landed on a desert island, part of the Juan Fernandez archipelago, where he spent more than four years in complete solitude. It was his story that inspired Daniel Defoe, and he wrote a wonderful book with a long title: "The life and amazing adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for twenty-eight years all alone on a desert island off the coast of America near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown out by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship, except him, died, with an account of his unexpected release by pirates, written by himself.

maybe mushrooms...

He was reeducated there. In a Russoist and humanistic spirit.

Taking into account the pamphlets of Swift and all sorts of "Simplicissimus", the humanists of the 18th century considered the aforementioned islands to be an earthly and public paradise, in comparison with Europe ...

The largest of the three islands of the Juan Fernandez archipelago. The area is 96.4 km².

The islands of the archipelago were discovered on November 22, 1574 Spanish navigator Juan Fernandez.
The first island, Robinson Crusoe, he called Más a Tierra, which means "closest to the mainland."

Robinson Crusoe Island is very mountainous and highest point is the peak of El Junque, reaching 915 m. There is a sharp contrast between the desert coastline and green mountain slopes covered with barely passable thickets of trees, ferns and shrubs.
More than 100 endemic plant species are found on the islands, in addition to this, species that were considered extinct in other parts of the planet are found every now and then. Huge tree-high ferns grow on mountain slopes.
On the islands, there is also a special subspecies of goats, the so-called goats of Juan Fernandez. They descended from ordinary domestic goats, which, when the island was discovered, were left on it as a reserve of provisions, and which eventually formed a separate small brown subspecies. Today the archipelago of Juan Fernandez is a biosphere reserve under the protection of UNESCO.

In 1935, the archipelago was declared a nature reserve, with a total area of 95.7 km².

The first attempt to populate the islands with 600 Indians, who were given goats and chickens, failed, and the archipelago remained uninhabited until 1750, with the exception of short exceptions.
So, for example, in 1580, the English pirate John Watling used it as a temporary stronghold to attack the Chilean city of Arica.
From 1704 to 1709, the Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk lived all alone on the island of Más a Tierra, after he quarreled with the captain of his ship and expressed a desire to land on the shore.
Writer Daniel Defoe used this story as the basis for his novel Robinson Crusoe. In this regard, in 1970 the island was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the archipelago began to serve as a place of exile for patriotic fighters for the independence of Chile from Spain.
For many years they lived in caves, including future presidents Manuel Blanco Encalada and Agustín Eizaguirre.
Since 1818, the Juan Fernandez Islands have belonged to Chile.
In 1823 they were visited by the English Lord Thomas Cochrane, who served as admiral of the Chilean fleet.

In 1877 Chile began to populate the archipelago. In particular, the Austro-Hungarian baron Alfred von Rodt settled on the islands, sponsoring their development and settlement. During the First World War, on March 14, 1915, the German cruiser Dresden moored on the island of Más a Tierra, pursued by three English cruisers, and surrendered to the Chilean authorities. However, the British opened fire on him, causing the ship to catch fire. Eventually the cruiser's captain ordered it to be blown up, evacuating the entire crew. Today, there is a monument on this site.
In 1998, an American businessman, Bernard Keiser, flew to the island in search of the largest treasure of all time. With ancient nautical charts at his disposal and a budget of several million dollars, he dug many tunnels in the red earth, but everything was unsuccessful. Keyser was led by rumors that the Germans who landed on the island were carrying with them the wealth of the Germans who lived in Mexico during the First World War.

Today, about 600 people live in the archipelago, whose main source of income is tourism and lobster fishing.

Daniel Defoe's novel "Robinson Crusoe" was not just an invention of an English writer, but based on true history harsh survival. The prototype of Robinson Crusoe was a very real person - the Scot Alexander Selkirk, who lived on a desert island for more than 4 years. In those days, the island was called Mas a Tierra, and received its modern name in 1966, more than 200 years after the publication of the famous novel.

Robinson Crusoe Island is located off the western shores South America and belongs to Chile. The distance to the mainland is more than 600 kilometers. It is one of the three islands of the Juan Fernandez archipelago and has an area of 47.9 sq. km. The archipelago is of volcanic origin and has a characteristic mountainous relief. The climate here is Mediterranean, that is, there are pronounced seasons of the year: moderately warm winters (when the temperature drops to +5 ºС) and hot summers.

The events that formed the basis of the famous novel unfolded in 1704. Alexander Selkirk served as boatswain on the Senkpore, which sailed to the shores of South America. At that time he was 27 years old. The sailor had a quick temper and constantly came into conflict with the captain of the ship. As a result of another quarrel, at the request of Selkirk himself, he was landed on the island of Mas-a-Tierra, past which the ship was sailing at that moment. It turns out that the fault of his stay on the island was not a shipwreck, as Daniel Defoe described in his work, but an obstinate character. Well, otherwise, the life of the boatswain on the island was in many ways similar to the one that the famous Englishman described in his novel.

He built himself a hut, discovered wild goats on the island, earned his livelihood and read the Bible so as not to run wild at all. True, she did not meet the natives and Pyatnitsa there, and she lived incomparably less time. Interestingly, during the stay of an English sailor on the island, Spanish ships moored to him twice. But since Spain and England in those days were sworn enemies, Selkirk considered it good not to show themselves in front of them. The sailor was saved by the English ship "Duke" (4 years after he landed on the island). The fact that the Selkirk site was discovered on the island also confirms that this story is genuine. In 2008, a British archaeological expedition reported the discovery of the remains of a hut, an observation post on top of a mountain, and navigational instruments from the early 18th century.

Today, just over 600 people live on Robinson Crusoe Island, who are mainly engaged in the extraction of seafood and work in the tourism business. The biggest locality An island called San Juan Bautista is located in the northern part of the island. Despite the original history, the tourism sector is underdeveloped here, with only a few hundred people visiting the island a year. Absence sandy beaches and high-quality roads, not at all a “paradise climate” (about half a year) and remoteness from the mainland attract only true connoisseurs of a solitary lifestyle who want to touch the history of Robinson Crusoe. In addition to the famous character, the island is famous for another attraction. During the First World War, the German cruiser Dresden sank off its coast. And today, in the place of its location, diving is organized for divers. By the way, the name of Alexander Selkirk also went down in history. So called neighboring island within the same archipelago.

In the blink of an eye, it became a bestseller and laid the foundation for the classic English novel. The author's work gave impetus to a new literary direction and cinema, and the name of Robinson Crusoe became a household name. Despite the fact that Defoe's manuscript is saturated with philosophical reasoning from cover to cover, it has firmly established itself among young readers: "The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" is usually referred to as children's literature, although adult lovers of non-trivial plots are ready to plunge into unprecedented adventures on a desert island along with the main hero.

History of creation

The writer Daniel Defoe immortalized his own name by publishing the philosophical adventure novel Robinson Crusoe in 1719. Although the writer wrote far from one book, it was the work about the unfortunate traveler that firmly settled in the minds of the literary world. Few people know that Daniel not only pleased the habitues of bookstores, but also introduced the inhabitants of foggy Albion to such a literary genre as a novel.

The writer called his manuscript an allegory, taking philosophical teachings, prototypes of people and incredible stories as a basis. Thus, the reader not only observes the suffering and willpower of Robinson, thrown to the sidelines of life, but also a man who is morally reborn in communion with nature.

Defoe came up with this seminal work for a reason; the fact is that the masters of the word were inspired by the stories of the boatswain Alexander Selkirk, who spent four years on the uninhabited island of Mas-a-Tierra in Pacific Ocean.

When the sailor was 27 years old, he, as part of the ship's crew, went on a voyage to the shores of South America. Selkirk was a stubborn and caustic man: the adventurer did not know how to keep his mouth shut and did not observe subordination, so the slightest remark by Stradling, the captain of the ship, provoked a violent conflict. Once, after another quarrel, Alexander demanded to stop the ship and land it on land.

Perhaps the boatswain wanted to scare his boss, but he immediately satisfied the requirements of the sailor. When the ship began to approach the desert island, Selkirk immediately changed his mind, but Stradling was unforgiving. The sailor, who paid for his sharp tongue, spent four years in the “exclusion zone”, and then, when he managed to return to life in society, he began to walk around the bars and tell the stories of his adventures to local onlookers.

The island where Alexander Selkirk lived. Now called Robinson Crusoe Island

Alexander ended up on the island with a small supply of things, he had gunpowder, an ax, a gun and other accessories. Initially, the sailor suffered from loneliness, but over time he was able to adapt to the harsh realities of life. Rumor has it that, having returned to the city's cobbled streets with stone houses, the lover of navigation missed being on an uninhabited piece of land. The journalist Richard Style, who loved to listen to the traveler's stories, quoted Selkirk as saying:

“I now have 800 pounds, but I will never be as happy as I was when I had not a farthing in my soul.”

Richard Style published Alexander's stories in The Englishman, indirectly introducing Britain to the man who would be called in modern times. But it is possible that the newspaperman took the sayings from his own head, so this publication is pure truth or fiction - one can only guess.

Daniel Defoe never revealed the secrets of his own novel to the public, so hypotheses among writers continue to develop to this day. Since Alexander was an uneducated drunk, he did not look like his book incarnation in the face of Robinson Crusoe. Therefore, some researchers are inclined to believe that Henry Pitman served as a prototype.

This doctor was sent into exile in the West Indies, but did not accept his fate and, together with his comrades in misfortune, made an escape. It is difficult to say whether luck was on Henry's side. After the shipwreck, he ended up on the uninhabited island of Salt-Tortuga, although in any case, everything could have ended much worse.

Other lovers of novels are inclined to believe that the writer was based on the lifestyle of a certain ship captain, Richard Knox, who lived in captivity in Sri Lanka for 20 years. It should not be ruled out that Defoe turned himself into Robinson Crusoe. The master of the word had a busy life, he not only dipped a pen in an inkwell, but also engaged in journalism and even espionage.

Biography

Robinson Crusoe was the third son in the family and from early childhood he dreamed of sea adventures. The boy's parents wished the offspring a happy future and did not want his life to look like a biography or. In addition, Robinson's older brother died in the war in Flanders, and the middle one went missing.

Therefore, the father saw in the main character the only support in the future. He tearfully begged his offspring to take up his mind and strive for a measured and calm life of an official. But the boy did not prepare for any craft, but spent his days idly, dreaming of conquering the water space of the Earth.

The instructions of the head of the family calmed his violent ardor for a while, but when the young man turned 18, he secretly collected his belongings from his parents and was tempted by a free trip, which was provided by his friend's father. Already the first day on the ship was a harbinger of future trials: the storm that broke out awakened repentance in Robinson's soul, which passed along with inclement weather and was finally dispelled by alcoholic beverages.

It is worth saying that this was far from the last black streak in the life of Robinson Crusoe. The young man managed to turn from a merchant into a miserable slave of a robber ship after it was captured by Turkish corsairs, and also visited Brazil after he was rescued by a Portuguese ship. True, the rescue conditions were harsh: the captain promised the young man freedom only after 10 years.

In Brazil, Robinson Crusoe worked tirelessly on tobacco and sugarcane plantations. The protagonist of the work continued to lament over the instructions of his father, but the passion for adventure outweighed a calm lifestyle, so Crusoe again got involved in adventures. Robinson's colleagues in the workshop had heard enough of his stories about trips to the shores of Guinea, so it is not surprising that the planters decided to build a ship in order to secretly transport slaves to Brazil.

The transportation of slaves from Africa was fraught with the dangers of sea passage and legal difficulties. Robinson participated in this illegal expedition as a ship's clerk. The ship sailed on September 1, 1659, that is, exactly eight years after his escape from home.

The prodigal son did not attach importance to the omen of fate, but in vain: the team survived a severe storm, and the ship leaked. In the end, the remaining crew members set off on a boat that capsized due to a huge shaft the size of a mountain. The exhausted Robinson turned out to be the only survivor from the team: the main character managed to get out onto land, where his long-term adventures began.

Plot

When Robinson Crusoe realized that he was on a desert island, he was overcome by despair and grief for his dead comrades. In addition, hats, caps and shoes thrown ashore reminded of past events. Having overcome depression, the protagonist began to think about a way to survive in this evil and God-forsaken place. The hero finds supplies and tools on the ship, and is also engaged in the construction of a hut and a palisade around it.

The most necessary thing for Robinson was the carpenter's box, which at that time he would not have exchanged for a whole ship filled with gold. Crusoe realized that he would have to stay on a desert island for more than one month or even more than one year, so he began to equip the territory: Robinson sowed the fields with cereals, and tamed wild goats became a source of meat and milk.

This unfortunate traveler felt like a primitive man. Cut off from civilization, the hero had to show ingenuity and industriousness: he learned how to bake bread, make clothes and burn clay dishes.

Among other things, Robinson took pens, paper, ink, a Bible from the ship, as well as a dog, a cat and a talkative parrot, which brightened up his lonely existence. In order to "at least somehow relieve his soul", the protagonist kept a personal diary, where he wrote down both remarkable and insignificant events, for example: "Today it rained."

Exploring the island, Crusoe discovered traces of savage cannibals who travel overland and arrange feasts, where the main dish is human meat. One day, Robinson rescues a captive savage who was supposed to get on the table to the cannibals. Crusoe teaches a new acquaintance English language and calls it Friday, since on this day of the week their fateful acquaintance took place.

During the next cannibal raid, Crusoe, along with Friday, attack the savages and rescue two more prisoners: Friday's father and the Spaniard, whose ship was wrecked.

Finally, Robinson caught his luck by the tail: a ship captured by the rebels sails to the island. The heroes of the work free the captain and help him regain control of the ship. Thus, Robinson Crusoe, after 28 years of living on a desert island, returns to the civilized world to relatives who considered him dead long ago. Daniel Defoe's book has a happy ending: in Lisbon, Crusoe makes a profit from a Brazilian plantation, which makes him fabulously rich.

Robinson no longer wants to travel by sea, so he transports his wealth to England by land. There he and Friday are waiting for the last test: when crossing the Pyrenees, the heroes are blocked by a hungry bear and a pack of wolves, with whom they have to fight.

The novel about a traveler who settled down on a desert island has a continuation. The book "The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" was published in 1719 along with the first part of the work. True, she did not find recognition and fame among the reading public. In Russia, this novel was not published in Russian from 1935 to 1992. The third book, Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe, has not yet been translated into Russian.
In the film "The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" (1972), the main role went to, who shared the set with Vladimir Marenkov and Valentin Kulik. This picture was watched by 26.3 million viewers in the USSR.

The full title of Defoe's work is: "The life, extraordinary and amazing adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for 28 years all alone on a desert island off the coast of America near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown out by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship , besides him, perished, with an account of his unexpected release by pirates, written by himself".
"Robinsonade" is a new genre in adventure literature and cinema that describes the survival of a person or group of people on a desert island. The number of works filmed and written in a similar style cannot be counted, but popular television series can be distinguished, for example, Lost, where Terry O'Quinn, Naveen Andrews and other actors played.
The main character from Defoe's work migrated not only to films, but also to animated works. In 2016, viewers saw the family comedy Robinson Crusoe: A Very Inhabited Island.