MOSCOW, August 28 - RIA Novosti. The main reason for the appearance of the glacier that now covers the entire territory of Greenland 3 million years ago was a drop in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, according to a paper published by British scientists on Thursday in the journal Nature.

According to experts, understanding the reasons for the formation of the Greenland glacier will help understand its possible response to future climate change.

The authors of the study, scientists from the universities of Bristol and Leeds, used computer modeling to test a number of hypotheses about the causes of the Greenland glacier and came to the conclusion that only an increase in carbon dioxide levels can explain the transformation of ice-free Greenland into the current ice-bound island.

According to one of the study's authors, Dr Dan Lunt from Bristol, about 3 million years ago the amount of rock debris in the sediments around Greenland increased. They could not appear until the mass appearance of icebergs, which “scraped” this rock from the surface of the island into the ocean.

"This suggests that significant amounts of ice only began to appear in Greenland 3 million years ago. Before then, Greenland was largely ice-free and possibly covered with grass and forests. In addition, the concentration of carbon dioxide was relatively high. Question , which we wanted to answer - why did Greenland get an ice sheet?" - says Lunt, whose words are quoted in a university statement.

There are several theories explaining the appearance of the Greenland glacier.

According to one of them, ice in Greenland appeared due to the appearance of the Isthmus of Panama, which connected South and North America 13-2.5 million years ago. The disappearance of the Panama Strait led to an increase in the difference in salinity between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and an increase in humidity in the North Atlantic. As a result, the amount of snow falling in the Greenland region increased sharply, and glacier growth began.

Another theory links the emergence of Greenland ice to tectonic changes - the growth of the Rocky Mountains and the Himalayas, which led to changes in atmospheric circulation.

A number of researchers associate the appearance of the glacier with changes in ocean circulation, others with changes in the earth's orbit, and still others with natural changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases.

Using cutting-edge computer models of climate and glacier dynamics, Lunt and his colleagues decided to test which of these theories best corresponded to reality.

Although the results showed that climate change associated with changes in ocean circulation and tectonic uplift affected the Greenland ice sheet, and the amount of ice also depended on fluctuations in Earth's orbit, neither of these factors was strong enough to make a significant contribution to long-term growth of the Greenland glacier.

The study found that the main cause of the Greenland glaciation was a drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to levels close to pre-industrial levels. Current levels of carbon dioxide concentrations are approaching levels when Greenland was mostly ice-free.

Dr Alan Haywood from the University of Leeds adds that the reasons for the rise in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are still unclear.

"This is the million-dollar question that researchers will undoubtedly be looking to answer over the next few years," he says.

According to one saying
"If you have seen the whole world,
Greenland always remains.”

1. Greenland is the largest island in the world. It is located between Europe and America, 740 km from the North Pole. Greenland has an area of ​​2,130,800 km², of which 410,400 km² are somewhat ice-free. The length of the island from north to south is 2690 km, the greatest width is 1300 km.

2. Geographically, this country belongs to North America, but politically it is considered a self-governing province of Denmark. Although Greenland is 50 times larger in area than Denmark, the number of inhabitants of the island does not exceed the population of a small city. The reason for this is the cold - most of the island is covered with a layer of ice almost 2 miles (3 km) thick.

3. The population of Greenland is 56,890 people, which gives a population density of 0.027 people/km².

4. Almost all the inhabitants live on the southwest coast, on a narrow coastal strip between the ice sheet and the sea, because it has a milder climate. The main peoples on the territory of Greenland are the Greenlandic Eskimos (in the local language - Inuit) who make up about 90% of the total population. The remaining 10% are mainly Danes and other Europeans.

5. The Eskimos were the first people to settle in Greenland. Around 985 AD. e. Vikings from Norway and Iceland arrived here and named this ice-covered island Greenland (“green land”) in order to attract more settlers to it. Since 1380, Greenland has been under Danish rule almost continuously, but was granted internal self-government in 1979.

6. Europeans call local residents Eskimos, which is not entirely true - the term "Eskimo" ("raw food eater") was born in the languages ​​of the Indian tribes of North America and gradually began to be used to refer to the Inuit tribes of the continental USA and Canada, to which the inhabitants of Greenland do not belong.

7. Administratively, the country is divided into 3 districts (landsdele) - Avanna (Nordgrönland), Tuna (Ostgrönland) and Kita (Vestgrönland), which in turn are divided into 18 municipalities.

8. The capital of Greenland, Nuuk (Gothob), is the largest settlement on the island. The city is a very unusual “fusion” of old European architecture, a few examples of the original Greenlandic school of urban planning and huge (and rather faceless) residential areas built on the block principle. From a bird's eye view, the city looks as if it was built from a child's Lego set, and the only pleasant exception to its appearance is the old quarters of Kolonihavnen - the historical core of Nuuk.

9. The flag of Greenland was adopted in 1985 and has a red and white coloring, which symbolizes the island's political connection with Denmark. The figures depicted on the flag of Greenland, according to one version, represent the setting and rising Greenland sun, according to another, the red half of the circle is the fjords of Greenland, the white half is icebergs, the red and white background illustrates the ocean and the ice cap.

10. The coat of arms of Greenland is an image of a polar bear on a blue shield. The blue color represents the geographical position of Greenland (between two oceans), and the polar bear, being one of the symbols of the island, characterizes the fauna of Greenland.

11. The territory of Greenland is divided into four time zones. Time in the capital Nuuk and most major cities on the southern coast is 6 hours behind Moscow.

12. The climate of the coasts is marine, subarctic and arctic; in the area of ​​the ice sheet - continental Arctic. The island is often crossed by cyclones, accompanied by strong winds, sudden changes in temperature and precipitation. Strong katabatic winds blow from the expanses of the ice sheet almost all year round, the speed of which sometimes reaches 60-70 meters per second.

13. The average temperature in January on the coast is from −7 °C in the south to −36 °C in the north, in July - from +10 °C in the south to +3 °C in the northwest. In the center of Greenland, the average temperature in February is −47 °C (absolute minimum −70 °C), July is −12 °C. In summer, daytime temperatures sometimes rise to +21°C, but often even during this period in the central regions of the island it barely exceeds 0°C (on the coasts, especially on the western coast, the air warms up much better).

14. The average annual precipitation in the south is about 1080 mm, in the capital - up to 600 mm, in the far north - 100-200 mm. The maximum amount of precipitation occurs in the autumn-winter period, but at any time of the year, due to the instability of the local weather, it can snow.

15. If the Greenland ice were to completely melt, global sea levels would rise by 7 meters.

16. England, Scotland and Wales, France, Italy, Holland, Belgium and Norway could be located on the territory of Greenland.

17. The thickness of the ice shell covering Greenland is on average one and a half thousand meters.

18. The highest peak of Greenland and the entire Arctic is Gunbjorn, 3,700 m.

19. Occupations of the population - hunting, fishing.

20. Official language: Greenlandic. The Home Rule Act mandates universal learning of the Danish language

21. Political system - parliamentary democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy

22. Head of state - Queen of Denmark (from January 14, 1972 - Margrethe II), represented by the High Commissioner (from January 31, 2011 - Mikaela Engell)

23. Parliament - unicameral Landstinget (31 deputies are elected by secret ballot on a proportional basis, term of office - 4 years). Parliament is responsible for all matters of domestic policy and legislation (Denmark remains in charge of foreign policy, defense, justice and finance). The people of Greenland elect two representatives to the Danish parliament, the Folketing.

24. Monetary unit: Danish krone (designated DKK according to the ISO standard, domestically kr.), in 1 kroner 100 øre. 1 DKK = 5.28 RUB, 10 DKK = 1.66 USD.

25. Most locals receive money directly to their credit card, so using it is easy. ATMs are found in abundance in all localities, and most of them freely accept cards from the world's leading payment systems (Diners Club, VISA, Eurocheque Card, Eurocard/Mastercard, Maestro, Cirrus, Dankort, etc.), issuing crowns on them.

26. The price level on the island is quite high. Greenland independently provides itself only with fish and seafood, as well as some meat products - everything else has to be imported, which naturally affects prices. Even compared to far from cheap Scandinavian countries, prices here are approximately 10% higher, and alcoholic beverages, tobacco products, dairy products, vegetable oil, as well as fresh fruits and vegetables are 14-20% more expensive. At the same time, the range of goods in stores is no less than in any European country.

27. You can easily have a snack in a cafe for 25 DKK (~$4.1) - 60 DKK (~$9.8), lunch in a restaurant will cost 60 DKK (~$9.8) - 120 DKK (~$19.7) and more , and in a high-level establishment - 120 DKK (~$19.7) - 250 DKK (~$41.0). It is quite possible to find a budget hotel for 120 DKK (~$19.7) - 350 DKK (~$57.4) per day, mid-level hotels will cost 350 DKK (~$57.4) - 900 DKK (~$147.6), and high-class hotels now charge up to 900 DKK (~$147.6) - 1500 DKK (~$246.0) per day for their services (there are quite modern hotels in almost all major cities). Transport services and fuel, electricity, all local goods and souvenirs, as well as many luxury items are very expensive.
The cost of service is usually included in the bill; additional tips are rare.

28. Domain zone on the Internet.gl

29. Internet services on the island are excellent - Greenland is one of the world leaders in consumption of network services per capita. High-speed Internet access terminals and Wi-Fi hotspots are installed in all hotels, post offices and office complexes. Internet cafes are found in abundance in all populated areas, in tourist offices and some public libraries.

30. The cellular communication system covers almost all settlements of the coastal areas of the island and adjacent island groups (unstable reception is observed only in the central areas). Roaming with the local operator TELE Greenland A/S is available to subscribers of the largest Russian operators through the foreign partners of this company.

31. Most of the capital's historical collections are concentrated in the National Museum of Greenland. It houses a unique collection of objects and documents illuminating the island’s past over the past four and a half thousand years, including a unique mummy from Kilakitsoq (circa XIV-XV centuries), extensive exhibitions of folk costume, vehicles (including various dog sleds) , kayaks and umiaks of all centuries), traditional tools, arts and crafts items and a large geological exhibition.

32. In the capital of Greenland, Nuuk, to the south of the city tourist office, on the very shore of the Baffin Sea, there is the famous Santa Claus House with its own post office and office.

33. In the city of Qaqortoq there is a square city fountain, the only one in Greenland, decorated at the base with copper plaques with the names of city burghers (although many plaques “fell victims” of souvenir hunters).

34. Just a few hours by boat or boat northeast of Qaqortoq is the best-preserved and most extensive medieval Norse settlement on the island - Hvalsey (Hvalsi). Hvalsey is even mentioned in the ancient Icelandic chronicle Flateyarbík as the site of witch burnings in the early 15th century, as well as the only place where marriages between Inuit and colonists took place. However, to this day only the ruins of several dozen houses and the picturesque Khvalsey Church have survived here.

35. The city of Upernavik, located in the fjords of the Baffin Sea on the west coast of Greenland, 800 km north of the Arctic Circle, is one of the northernmost cities on the planet and the northernmost ferry crossing in the world. This is a very beautiful, but harsh place - the locals even have a saying: “You won’t even know what real cold is until you visit Upernavik.”

36. The name of the city Upernavik is translated in a rather funny manner as “Spring Place”. Considering that the average summer temperature here is no more than +5°C, this is quite strange. However, scientists claim that when the first settlers chose this place, the climate was much milder, and therefore the city then justified its name (like all of Greenland). With the onset of a general cooling of the climate that occurred in the 16th-18th centuries, it turned into one of the coldest inhabited places on the planet. Here, hunting for polar bears and sea animals, prohibited almost everywhere in the world and, as an exception, allowed to local residents, is one of the few ways to feed a family here.

37. A popular three-hour excursion from Upernavik's highest peak, Inusussak, to the northern tip of the island, Najarsuit, passes through an absolutely magical landscape. Stones interspersed with colored minerals of all colors and shades, veins of natural graphite, the unique acoustics of the valleys, allowing the whisper to spread for many kilometers - all this can be seen and felt only here.

38. West of the city of Ilulissat, 300 km north of the Arctic Circle and 600 km north of the capital, splash the waters of Disko Bay, which is perhaps the most famous bay of Greenland. This is a real “country of icebergs” - up to a thousand ice mountains of all sizes constantly “cruise” on the surface of the bay, as coastal glaciers slide into the sea at a speed of up to 30 meters per day, which produces up to 7 million tons of ice every day! This enchanting picture, only intensified in the summer by the never-setting sun in these parts, makes Disko Bay and the five towns located on its shores one of the most beautiful places on the planet.

39. In Greenland there is Mount Umanak - a natural formation of stunning beauty and the most unusual colors. The mountain is an ancient gneiss base of the continental shield, rising up in alternating black, white and red layers of rocks that change shades of color depending on the light. Although the mountain looks completely inaccessible, several expeditions still climbed to the top, but for most visitors it is enough to simply explore this unique natural formation, the only analogue of which is Mount Uluru in Australia.

40. The southern part of the island is similar to the Norwegian fjords - the same alternation of countless bays, islands, rock ridges and tiny coastal lowlands, the same harsh and majestic nature, the same lead-gray sea.

41. The southernmost city of Greenland, Nanortalik is literally surrounded by a wall of rocks soaring into the sky (they are called “skyscrapers” here), steep peaks and mountain walls framing magnificent fjords. This is a real Mecca for fans of active recreation and extreme sports; climbers will find a lot of interesting things here - the Ketil and Ulmaretorsuaq mountains are suitable even for experienced athletes.

42. In Greenland there is the fastest moving glacier in the World (Jakobshavn), moving at a speed of about 30 meters per day.

43. In the summer, the country has quite strong solar radiation - the sun stands in the sky almost all day long, and its rays are reflected both from the surface of glaciers and from the sea. It is worth bringing sunscreen, creams and good glasses, hats, as well as light scarves or headscarves to cover your neck.

44. A few things are prohibited in the country: taking photographs in churches during services, as well as of local residents without consent, fishing without a license (from 75 DKK for 1 day, up to 500 DKK for a month) and littering.

45. The best time to visit the country is during the polar “white nights” from May to July or for lovers of winter fun - in April.

46. ​​In Greenland there are no roads or railways between cities. Therefore, you can get from one end of the island to the other either by water or by air. Closely located cities and towns are connected to each other via snowmobiles and dog sleds, if the weather cooperates.

47. The national airline, Air Greenland, operates many plane and helicopter flights throughout the island. Airplanes like the Dash-7 can carry 50 passengers at a time and fly at an altitude of 4-5 km above sea level, which guarantees fantastic views of glaciers and snowdrifts. Helicopters mostly fly between cities located in the south of the country.

48. Another popular way to travel around Greenland is by ship. Arctic Umiaq Line's Sarfaq Ittuk passenger ship operates regular services from April to December between the city of Narsarsuaq in the south of the country and Ilulissat in the north. During the summer season it is better to book in advance.

49. Souvenirs from Greenland are unique works of art: they are not made in China, they are not created according to one template, but are made by hand by folk craftsmen, which is why they are quite expensive. The most popular souvenir is a figurine of tupilak, which according to local belief means “spirit”. Today they are made from completely different materials: teeth, bones, stones or wood, and they can be found everywhere in shops and tourist offices in large cities. However, it is worth keeping in mind that tupilaki made from whale teeth cannot be exported.

50. Jewelry and jewelry made from local stones are also popular. For example, tugtupit, which is distinguished by its rich pink or purple flowers, is born in a single place on Earth - the city of Narsaq, in southern Greenland. Jewelry made from nuummit stone (a radiant dark brown color) and grønlanditten stone, which has a fresh green tint, look especially beautiful. When purchasing a cute bracelet or beads, ask the seller to issue a CITES certificate, which will allow you to export the jewelry from Greenland.

51. As terrible as it may sound, traditional Greenlandic cuisine does not involve any heat treatment of food. If it is whale skin with a layer of fat (mattak delicacy), then they eat it fresh, just, excuse me, skinned. Extreme lovers, of course, will have no problem finding restaurants offering some of the country’s national dishes. A delicacy of national cuisine is a mixture of partridge droppings with seal fat... A fairly popular dish in these parts consists of narwhal fat, water, walrus brains and fermented grass extracted from the first stomach of a reindeer. However, the more European-minded stomachs of tourists will not remain empty either: recently, traditional methods of cooking are increasingly retreating under the onslaught of international cuisine and fast food.

52. Fish and seafood in Greenlandic cuisine are used in almost all forms - raw, salted, pickled, dried, baked in ash. The assortment also includes delicacies - dried halibut and ammasat, cod liver, shrimp and crabs in all types, as well as shark meat and seabird eggs.

53. Popular drinks - black tea and tea with milk (which often replaces the first course, with added fat, salt and spices), deer milk, "kaffemik" - a specific Greenlandic coffee, which is prepared from coffee, sugar and three types of alcohol with whipped cream (often it is also set on fire when serving).

54. Greenland National Park, located in the northeast of the island, is the largest and most inaccessible nature reserve on the planet. In addition, it has been closed to outside researchers for many years. UNESCO recently included it in its list of biosphere reserves of global importance, and for good reason - the park has a vast area of ​​relict tundra, which is home to musk oxen, polar bears, polar wolves and a wide variety of forms of Arctic plants.

55. Currently, Greenland remains one of the few places on the planet little affected by human activity, a place of fantastic opportunities for both extreme recreation and sports, and for eco-tourism. Vast tundra, a picturesque coastline with its fjords and pristine shores, monstrous glaciers that “give birth” to icebergs right before the eyes of observers, year-round opportunities for ice clambering, snowboarding and skiing, unique (albeit scarce) nature, a sea rich in living creatures, The silent Inuit with their unique culture and fantastic adaptability to the harsh local conditions - all this constantly attracts more and more tourists here.

The island of Greenland is an autonomous province of Denmark, although it is geographically located in the northeastern part of North America. The island is washed in the east by the Greenland Sea, in the west by the Baffin Sea, in the south by the Labrador Sea, and in the north by the Arctic Ocean. The capital of Greenland is (another option is Gothob). The name of the island translates as “green country,” which is strange, to say the least, for a place most of which is covered with glaciers. But this is now, and in 982 the island abounded in vegetation, it was then that it was discovered by Eric Raud, who gave it its name.

Greenland is a green country

The total area of ​​Greenland is 2,130,800 sq.m., the population of the island is about 58,000 people, the currency is the Danish krone. Due to the terrain features of this area, the transport network operates only within populated areas and their surroundings. You can move between cities using snowmobiles and dog sleds. There are no railways, but maritime shipping and air transport are developed. Greenland on the map is the largest island-state in the world, most of which is covered with glaciers and where you can see the northern lights.

At the moment, even scientists cannot determine exactly why Greenland is covered with glaciers. After all, this island could once have been covered with greenery. But still, climatologists are inclined to believe that glaciation occurred due to a sharp drop in carbon dioxide content in the air. There are also versions about changes in ocean currents, tectonic changes such as the growth of the Rocky Mountains and the Himalayas.

Greenland, view from above

Greenland is an amazing place on the planet, striking in the diversity of its natural world. Vegetation can only be found in the south of the island, where rowan, dwarf birch, alder, juniper and willow grow. The northern part is covered with creeping lichens. The fauna of the island is unique; arctic foxes, polar wolves and polar bears are found here, as well as rare endangered species - musk oxen and caribou. The world of birds is also diverse; Greenland is home to snowy owls, barnacle geese, eiders, etc. More than 30 species of marine life and about 120 species of fish live in coastal waters.

Climate, glaciers and local population

Greenland has a rather harsh climate: in summer the average temperature is +10 °C, but can often remain at zero. In winter, temperatures can range from -7 °C to (in some places) -45 °C. The coldest part of the island is in the eastern part; in winter, the average temperature here is -27 °C. The west coast is the warmest on the island; the climate in Greenland in summer in this region is mild, the air can warm up to +20 ° C. Fog is a common phenomenon on the island, especially in the summer. Also, due to the melting of glaciers in Greenland, such a frequent phenomenon as the separation of icebergs occurs.

More than 80% of the entire island is covered with ice, its shores are replete with fjords, and many icebergs drift in the waters. The glaciers of Greenland are a real icy world of extraordinary beauty. But the problem of melting glaciers worries researchers around the world. Some scientists consider this phenomenon to be cyclical, while others are confident that it is unsafe for the planet. However, many believe that global warming is the reason why Greenland's glaciers are melting. The largest pieces of icebergs break off from the Jakobshavn glacier, which is located on the west coast.

The population of Greenland is mainly composed of Inuit, the indigenous inhabitants of the island. They make up 90%, the remaining 10% are Europeans (mainly Danes). The southwestern coast is the most populated; residents rely on hunting and fishing.

National dishes include dried meat of sea animals, dried fish, stroganina and shrimp. The traditional dwelling of the peoples of Greenland is a stone-peat half-dugout with one room and flooring instead of beds. In modern people live in small wooden houses, painted with bright colors and covered with iron roofs.

Popular attractions

Many tourists imagine Greenland as a place completely covered with ice. But this amazing island is famous not only for its glaciers. There is a lot to see here, both architecturally and naturally. For example, the famous northern lights, which can be seen in any season. Or a National Park listed by UNESCO. You can also visit Santa Claus's house, see seal fishing, snowboarding, skiing, dog sledding and take part in a bear hunt. What other interesting places does the island offer?

• Turquoise Lake.

This amazingly beautiful place was formed due to the melting of glaciers. Melt water flows down the slopes, turning into a transparent lake of amazing and pure turquoise color - a real miracle of nature. The lake of impressive size is surrounded by snowy hills, which makes the beautiful landscape even more beautiful. Turquoise Lake is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful natural bodies of water on the entire planet.

• Disko Bay.

One of the largest bays in Greenland, its shores are dotted with rocks, and pieces of ice continuously float in the water. A boat tour is a great opportunity to admire the true natural beauty. True, some parts of the bay are covered with an ice crust, but most of them are suitable for walking. The best time to explore the bay is in the evening, when the blue-white hues of the water and ice sparkle in the golden sunset.

• Ice Canyon.

This truly fabulous place is located in the very center of Greenland, its depth is 45 meters. As a result of the melting of the snow layer, the canyon appears as dark blue waters against a background of snow-white ice. Here you can see seagulls, arctic foxes, deer, walruses, wolves, seals, partridges and other representatives of the animal world. The Ice Canyon is a popular place not only among tourists, but also among mountaineering enthusiasts.

The island of Greenland is the largest island on the planet. Greenland - "Green Land", why is this island called that? After all, almost the entire island is covered with a layer of ice, in some places it reaches one kilometer. A huge icy desert, at the edges of which, in the coastal areas of the island, there is lush green vegetation. That is why it is called “Green Land”.

Who owns the island of Greenland

Unlike Antarctica, whose land is neutral, Greenland is an autonomous region of Denmark. Until 1536 the island belonged to Norway. In 1979, the Danish parliament granted it wide autonomy. Today the island with its capital Nuuk is an autonomous region within Denmark. Not a bad addition to Denmark, autonomy the size of half of Europe.

The population of the island is 58 thousand people. Of which about 90% live on the southwest coast. Here are the largest cities in Greenland: Nuuk - the capital, Qaqortoq, Sisimiut and Maniitsok. The city of Upernavik is the northernmost city in Greenland; the air temperature here in summer does not exceed 5 degrees.

The official languages ​​of Greenland are Greenlandic and Danish. Greenlandic is a language belonging to the Eskimo-Aleut group of languages. Many people here also speak English.

The depths of the island of Greenland contain many minerals. This is oil, nickel, gold and so on, but the main mineral resource of the island is considered to be fresh water, which is stored in the ice of Greenland.

The nature of Greenland attracts the attention of thousands of tourists. This is an ideal place for lovers of active and extreme recreation. The harsh climate of the island requires physically prepared people; frostbites have no place here, because the temperature in the central and northeastern regions drops to 47 - 65 degrees below zero. The impressions after walking through the icy desert on dog sleds can be very vivid. They harness the huskies, of course.

The northern part is considered a very popular place on the island; here you can see icebergs of various shapes and sizes.

The northern part is also famous for the fact that there is Greenland National Park, but it is very difficult to get here due to the geographical location and because of the ban on staying here. The park is home to animals such as musk ox, polar wolves, and polar bears. Arctic plants are also very diverse. The special beauty of northern Greenland is the northern lights. This uniquely beautiful natural phenomenon will bring a lot of positive impressions.

Greenlandic cuisine is very unique. For many Europeans it will even seem unsuitable. The traditional food of the Greenlanders is considered to be fresh meat of marine mammals, that is, not even cooked over a fire, in a stove or oven, but taken from a literally live whale, walrus or seal. If you suddenly decide to go to Greenland, then you need to stock up on products that are familiar to us.

Greenland is the largest island on Earth. This is an amazing and unique place that requires special attention from connoisseurs of pristine nature.

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