Compiled by

P. A. Tilba, R. A. Mnatsekanov, V. A. Krutolapov.

Geographical coordinates

45°17’34’’ N, 36°45’46’’ E

Height

0-5 m above sea level.

Square

38,400 hectares, including water surface: 38,400 hectares.

a brief description of

Shallow water sea ​​bays, the banks of which are covered with steppe or wetland vegetation.

Wetland type

A, E, G, J; predominate: J, A.

Ramsar Criteria

4, 5.

Criterion 4: The site is one of the wintering centers for waterfowl, the importance of which increases in cold winters when the water area of ​​the estuaries of the Eastern Azov region freezes.

Criterion 5: Up to 1 million birds stop here during migration (Wetlands of Russia, 2000). During mid-winter surveys carried out from the shore using spotting scopes, within the boundaries of the land we counted about 20,000 in 2003, in 2004 - about 10,000, in 2005 - up to 8,000, in 2006 - about 49 500 os. waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds.

Location

Taman Peninsula, southwestern part Krasnodar region, 30 km from the city of Temryuk.

Physiographic characteristics

The site is a low-lying relief that was formed as a result of slow tectonic subsidence of the land, occurring at a rate of 2-5 mm per year (Kanonnikov, 1984). The surface of the coastal land is composed of deltaic and alluvial deposits, under which lie Neogene and Paleogene marine deposits. Bays are permanent bodies of natural origin. The salinity of the water in them reaches 11.3‰, decreasing near the coast to 2-3‰. The depth of the bays ranges from 0.5-2.5 m. The characteristic formations of the Taman and Dinsk bays are lagoons - salt lakes Markitanskoe, Tuzla, etc. In the water area of ​​the bays there are shell-sand islands and spits of various configurations. The Blevako mud volcano is located off the coast of the Chushka Spit in the waters of the Taman Bay.

The shores of reservoirs are composed of unstable rocks and are subject to severe destructive activity of the sea. The soil cover is predominantly southern chernozems with a low humus content. The climate type of the site area is coastal-steppe, moderate continental. The average January temperature is −0.8°; July 23.6°C, precipitation during the year is 330-340 mm.

The importance of the land in the natural water cycle

The drainage basin of the site is a hilly plain formed by marine sediments. Hills (reaching maximum height 164 m above sea level m.), are active or extinct mud volcanoes. The soil cover is represented mainly by chernozems, including their solonetzic and saline varieties; there are thick chestnut soils. Main types of land use: field farming, vegetable growing, viticulture, livestock farming. The climate is moderate continental.

Environmental parameters

Along the shores of the bays there are communities of psammophilic and hydrophilic vegetation. Coastal shallow waters, shell spits, and islands are extremely important for the existence of waterfowl.

Valuable flora

One of the most widespread plant communities on the site is psammophilous vegetation. In floristic terms, this is the best preserved natural ecosystem, both in the coastal part of the Taman and Dinsky bays, and in Taman as a whole. Typical species on the coastal sands are sandy grate, common sea mustard, hogweed, Pontic katran, naked licorice, gorse-leaved toadflax and others. Among the halophytes on the coastal sand-shell dunes, white sweet clover, entangled and creeping sweda, solifa and tragus, Meyer's kermek, etc. are widespread.

And on wet salt marshes there are bluegrass-wheatgrass, rush-sedge and saltwort associations. The vegetation of reservoirs is formed from plant species immersed in water: hygrophytes, hydrophytes and hydatophytes. Phytocenoses of eelgrass and eelgrass are widespread, often forming pure groups over large areas. An equally common species is the holly pondweed. Two types of uruti grow in the reservoirs of the area: spiked urut and whorled urut. In some coastal areas there is typical floodplain vegetation with the presence of common reed, cattails, and sedges (Tilba, Nagalevsky, 1996).

Valuable fauna

The role of the area as a nesting site for birds. The site has a certain significance as a place of reproduction of semi-aquatic bird species listed in the Red Books Russian Federation and Krasnodar Territory: shelduck, oystercatcher (subspecies Haematopus ostralegus longipes), sea plover, little tern. On the territory of the islands there are colonies of great cormorant with a total number of 750 pairs, common tern - 300 pairs, and spotted tern - 300 pairs.

The role of the area as a place of bird migration. The site is located on an intensive bird migration route running along the coasts of the Azov and Black Seas. Within the Temryuksky and Dinsky bays, autumn concentrations of laughing gulls, black-headed gulls, and red herons were noted (Vinokurov, 1965). In the fall of 1995, 200 thousand wasps were counted here. coots, 54 thousand - mallards, 200 thousand - red-headed ducks, 1.5 thousand - mute swan (Vinogradov, 2000). The site is a stopover site and large concentrations of migratory waders: Turukhtan, turnstone, grasshopper, etc.

The role of the area as a wintering site for birds. The site is a traditional wintering site, primarily for waterfowl. Between 1967 and 1972. there were from 6 thousand to 250 thousand wasps here. Recently, there have been up to 48.5 thousand waterfowl within the area
(2006 data).

Swans. Mute swan and whooper swan are found in the wintering grounds. The latter species predominates in numbers in colder winters (1,500 were counted in 2003).

Ducks. The most numerous wintering species is the tufted duck (according to 2003 data - 11,500 individuals). In warmer winters, the number of tufted ducks is significantly lower. Of the other duck species, the most common are mallard and red-headed duck.

Other species of waterfowl. The most characteristic species include the great grebe, great cormorant, coot, and laughing gull.

Waders. On the site in winter period noted: herbal, great snail, middle curlew, great curlew, snipe, dunlin, on the adjacent territory of the coast of the Kerch Strait of the Chushka Spit was recorded during the wintering of the oystercatcher (Mnatsekanov et al., 2004b; Dinkevich et al., 2005).

The role of the area as a habitat for rare and vulnerable bird species.

Black-throated loon. A common species during the migration period, found in small numbers during the winter.

White-tailed eagle. Regularly wintering species.

Demoiselle crane. Breeding species of adjacent territories.

Bustard. Breeding species of adjacent territories.

Little Bustard. It was observed in winter in the coastal part of the site.

Oystercatcher. Common breeding species; rare, irregularly wintering species.

Great curlew. Not numerous, regularly found in winter.

Black-headed gull. Occasionally observed in winter.

The role of the area as a habitat for marine mammals. The Taman and partly Dinskaya bays are the habitat of the Black Sea bottlenose dolphin, a subspecies listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation and the Krasnodar Territory.

Social and cultural significance of the site

Within the boundaries of the site there are the most valuable historical and archaeological monuments associated with the Tmutarakan principality of the 11th-12th centuries. In addition, on the site there is a house-museum of M. Yu. Lermontov.

Forms of land ownership

State.

Land use

The main activity on the site is fishing; In the surrounding area there is winemaking.

Factors negatively affecting the condition of the land

Expansion of the area for the construction of the Port Kavkaz port.

Environmental measures taken

Part of the site is part of the Zaporozhye-Taman Zoological Reserve. By Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 1996 No. 591-r, the reserve (the order gives the name “Tamano-Zaporozhye Reserve”) is classified as a specially protected natural area of ​​federal subordination. According to the Regulations of the reserve, its area is 30,000 hectares.

Proposed environmental measures

Resolving the issue of the status of the reserve. Adjustment of the Regulations on the reserve taking into account the importance of the territory as a mass wintering site for shorebirds, including rare species, as well as a nesting site for rare bird species. Giving the status of a Ramsar site to the entire water area of ​​the Taman and Dinsk bays.

Scientific research

Scientific research within the site has been and is being carried out in the course of studying the biota of the Taman Peninsula as a whole. Besides, in last years special mid-winter waterfowl censuses are conducted here as part of the Wetlands International project on the Central Asian Flyway, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food of the Netherlands.

Environmental education

Not currently available. There are good opportunities for organizing observations of migrating and wintering birds.

Recreation and tourism

The site is intensively used for tourism purposes, mainly for historical and cultural reasons. Recreational pressures on plant and animal habitats are low.

Jurisdiction

Administration of the Temryuk district of the Krasnodar region.

Site management body

The Tamano-Zaporozhye Nature Reserve is departmentally subordinate to the Office of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance in the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea.

Black Sea coastline

The Black Sea is located in the northern temperate zone of the Earth, stretching from north to south between points with coordinates 46°,32′ and 40°55′ north latitude.

But if we keep in mind climatic features, then the Black Sea coastline belongs to two zones. The northern and western coasts correspond to the temperate zone, and the southern coast of Crimea, the coast of the Caucasus and Turkey - to the subtropical zone, and the southern part of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and the Colchis lowland belong to the humid subtropics with an annual precipitation of 1400-2500 millimeters. One of distinctive features The subtropics have mild winters, allowing year-round plant growth.

Length coastline The Black Sea is about 4,790 kilometers. This is not a constant, once forever established value. Not only the length, but also the entire appearance of the banks constantly changes under the influence of both natural forces and the will of man. Among the natural factors affecting sea shores, the main role belongs to waves and currents. Inaccessible coastal cliffs, picturesque bays, islets, “velvety” smooth beaches, harbors covered with sand and silt, eroded road embankments, villages and resorts destroyed by landslides - all this is the result of the activity of the sea surf and currents.

This is what a prominent specialist in this field of marine science, Professor V.P., writes about the “life” of sea shores in the annotation to his book “The Shores of the Black and Azov Seas”. Zenkovich. Thanks to the works of V.P. Zenkovich, his employees and colleagues, the Black Sea shores are now the most studied. This made it possible to successfully carry out major works to strengthen and improve them in a number of places. Description of the shores of the Black Sea by V.P. Zenkovich is not only a valuable source of first-hand scientific information, but also a poetic story about that very specific zone where the sea meets the land.

Thus, the famous “velvet sands”, sandy stripes of sea beaches, as well as numerous estuaries stretch all the way from the Danube to Ochakov. Clay cliffs are also not uncommon here. They are constantly destroyed by the sea surf, and from time to time large-scale landslides occur. Nowadays, thanks to the development of science about sea shores, landslide phenomena have been tamed by a system of powerful shore protection structures.

From Ochakov to Western Crimea, the shores are also characterized by their sandy beaches and low cliffs. Between the Dnieper-Bug Estuary and Karkinitsky Bay there are extensive sand spits (Kinburnskaya, Tendrovskaya) and islands (Dolgiy, Krugly, Dzharylgach). These are mostly sparsely populated or completely uninhabited places, a kingdom of birds, all kinds of small animals, deer, and on Tendra - even wild horses. Here is the Black Sea State Reserve of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, where a lot of work is being done to study seagulls and other birds, their role in the life of the sea and land. Nearby are large bays of the Black Sea: Yagorlytsky, Tendrovsky, Dzharylgachsky, Karkinitsky, which due to their natural features - shallow water, protection from waves, remoteness from settlements, from powerful sources of pollution, high biological productivity and others - are considered the most promising places for the development of underwater farms in the Black Sea.

The southern coast of Crimea is mountainous. The Crimean mountains are not particularly high, but their peak plateaus - yails - lie very close to the sea and fall into sheer cliffs several hundred meters high. Sheltering the coasts from the northern winds, they create here climatic conditions subtropics. Beaches South Bank The Crimea is not sandy, but pebbly and much narrower than those on the northwestern coast of the Black Sea. The underwater landscape of the southern coast of Crimea is very beautiful: clear water, many rocks (some of them rise above the surface of the sea) and blocks overgrown with algae, mussels and other organisms. The species diversity of fauna and flora makes these places convenient for getting to know the inhabitants of the sea, especially for scuba divers.

The southern coast of the Kerch Peninsula, like the southern coast of Taman, is distinguished by wide sandy beaches and shallow waters of the coastal strip of the sea, somewhat reminiscent of the northwestern coast. Salty seaside reservoirs are found here again. On the Kerch Peninsula there are Uzunlarskoye, Koyashskoye and Tobechikskoye lakes, on the Taman Peninsula there are the Tsokur, Kiziltashsky, Bugazsky and Vityazevsky estuaries. And the water is more turbid than that of the southern coast of Crimea, and desalinated by runoff Sea of ​​Azov through the Kerch Strait. From Anapa to the southeast to Batumi the Caucasian coast stretches with a predominance of pebble beaches. The coastal mountains are covered with dense forest, there are numerous evergreen trees and shrubs, and citrus fruits. Great depths come close to the shore. Mountain rivers bring little turbidity, and the sea water is clear, like off the southern coast of Crimea.

Black Sea coast Turkey is mountainous, with narrow, mostly pebble beaches and rapidly increasing depths.

The coasts of Romania and Bulgaria resemble those of the north-west and are also famous for their wide sandy beaches. As in the Odessa region, clay cliffs predominate here, salt lakes and estuaries are found, and the sea is desalinated by the runoff of the Danube.

Getting acquainted with the wildlife of the Black Sea coast is greatly facilitated by visiting local history museums, available in all cities, as well as botanical gardens and marine aquariums.

Among the botanical attractions on the Black Sea coast, mention should be made of the botanical garden of Odessa State University, founded in 1867, the Nikitsky Botanical Garden in Crimea, created in 1812, the Arboretum in Sochi, founded at the end of the last century, the yew-boxwood grove located two kilometers from the sea up the along the Khosta River, - the remnant of an ancient relict flora, a subtropical park in Gagra, a reserve of Pitsunda relict long-leaved pine at Cape Pitsunda, the Sukhumi Botanical Garden, and finally the Batumi Botanical Garden, founded in 1912, one of the largest and most famous in our country.

Marine aquariums are less ancient and famous than botanical gardens. They are very helpful in getting to know the inhabitants of the Black Sea, their appearance and habits. In our country, marine aquariums have been created in Sevastopol at the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, in Kerch at the Azov-Black Sea Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, in Sochi at the Arboretum and in Batumi at the Georgian branch of the All-Union Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography. The Black Sea fauna is most fully represented in the Sevastopol Aquarium, opened back in 1897 at the biological station and subsequently modernized several times. Today it is a very popular institution demonstrating the inhabitants of the Black and other seas. There is a central round pool with a diameter of 9.2 and a depth of 1.5 meters, as well as 12 wall aquariums with a volume of up to 7 cubic meters. At the same time, several dozen species of Black Sea fish, crabs, mollusks and other animals can be observed in the aquarium.

The first scientific demonstration dolphinarium in our country has recently been opened in Batumi, where there is an opportunity to get acquainted with the Black Sea dolphins and the work that scientists and trainers do with them.

There are several nature reserves located on the Black Sea coast. The largest of them is the Black Sea State Reserve of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences, with an area of ​​more than 60 thousand hectares, founded in 1927. It is located between the Dnieper-Bug estuary and the Karkinitsky Bay on the sands of the Kinburn and Tendrovskaya spits, the islands of Krugloy, Dolgoy, Orlov, Babin and others. The area of ​​land occupied by the reserve is 12,606 hectares. The remaining area is shallow sea water.

The biggest attraction of the Black Sea Nature Reserve is a large colony of black-headed or Mediterranean gulls, numbering up to 200,000 pairs. This beautiful white bird with a shiny black head (the so-called “nuptial plumage”; in winter the gull’s head is white), during the nesting period it is found in many places - in Greece, Asia Minor, Romania and even in Mongolia, but its largest colony is located in the Black Sea Nature Reserve. The black-headed gull deserves protection not only as one of the decorations of the sea coast, where there are fewer and fewer deserted places near the sea, but also as a human assistant in the fight against agricultural pests. The fact is that, in addition to small fish and marine invertebrates, this gull feeds on insects, which it hunts in the steppe. Scientists have calculated that over the summer, black-headed gulls from the Black Sea Nature Reserve, along with their chicks, eat over 5 thousand tons of insects, thereby preventing an annual loss to agriculture of up to 2 million rubles. An excellent example of a combination of nature conservation and a biological method of pest control that is safe for humans!

Another protected area on the Black Sea coast is located around Cape Kaliakra in Bulgaria. On the secluded coastal cliffs of this steep cape, the only seal species in the Black Sea breeds - the monk seal. It is listed in the International Red Book of Rare and Endangered Species. According to Bulgarian scientists, only a few pairs of seals remain there today, under strict state protection.

Yes, it is now becoming increasingly difficult for birds and animals to find secluded places on the shores of the Black Sea. People love them so much that sometimes it seems that a little more time will pass and all coastal settlements will merge into a continuous ring of cities and resorts. In any case, there is talk about resort development of the entire coastline as early as this century. Of course, the sea should help people in relaxation and treatment, this is indisputable. But what are the reasonable limits of this “human load” per unit of coastline has not yet been calculated. This is one of the most immediate and important tasks of science. In the meantime, the ranks of all kinds of recreation centers, camps, camping grounds, medical institutions, sports centers, beaches, boat berths and other forms of “sea use” are growing unhindered, why not introduce such a term, by analogy with “nature management”? Our relations with the sea need to be built in such a way as to ensure a gentle regime for it. After all (in addition to these seasonal recreational and medical facilities), around the circumference of the Black Sea there are about forty settlements of the rank of ports with a population of about 4 million people and with a certain negative impact on the marine environment. Thus, according to statistics, one permanent resident of the Black Sea coast has about 1 meter of coastline. But in the summer the population at least doubles, and then the share of coastline per person is reduced to half a meter. And if we take into account that “sea use” is not evenly distributed along the coast, then in settlements, resorts and other places the “personal” section of the coast is sometimes reduced to a few centimeters. This is a tense ecological situation that requires a person to be especially thrifty and attentive to the natural environment around him, to meet with which he sometimes travels thousands of kilometers and nurtures so many rosy plans throughout the year. And since the concept of “nature conservation” implies, first of all, the protection of its living inhabitants, let’s move on to getting to know them.

Yu.P. Zaitsev

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(Characteristics of the Black Sea, composition of water in the Black Sea, Black Sea and Ancient Greece, rivers flowing into the Black Sea, bays of the Black Sea, holidays on the Black Sea, plant and animal world Black Sea)
Black Sea is located in the middle latitudes, approximately between 41 and 47 degrees northern latitude and 28 and 42 degrees east longitude. The northern shores belong to Ukraine, the eastern - to Russia, Georgia and Abkhazia, the southern - to Turkey, and the western - to Romania and Bulgaria. For almost 400 km, the Black Sea washes Krasnodar region, beneficially influencing its climate. Through the Straits Bosphorus, Dardanelles and through Sea of ​​Marmara the Black Sea waters merge with the Mediterranean, and through Kerch Strait With Sea of ​​Azov.

Black Sea known to mankind since ancient times! Over the course of thousands of years and centuries, it has changed several names. The first Greek navigators called it Pont Aksinsky, that is, inhospitable. However, later the ancient Greeks changed their minds and began to call it Pont Aksinsky, that is, a hospitable sea. In Rus' in the old days Black Sea called Pontic, and Russian by sea.

Scientists explain the modern name in different ways. Some called the Turks Karadeniz(as a football player of FC "Rubin"), that is, the inhospitable "Black" Sea, because all the conquerors who came to its shores received a decisive rebuff from the tribes that inhabited it. According to another hypothesis, the name is associated with storms and the fact that the water during a storm it becomes dark. And there is a third version, which is related to the fact that metal objects lowered to great depths of the Black Sea turn black under the influence of hydrogen sulfide.

The ancient Greeks, sailing along the Black Sea shores, saw here the settlements of the Scythians, Taurians, and in the east - the Colchians. The Greeks named the Black Sea coast of Kavakaz after the names of these tribes Colchis, Crimea - Tavrida, and the Northern Seaside region - Scythia.

Bays of the Black Sea

There are few bays in the Black Sea, the largest of them Odessa, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Tamansky and Sinopsky. The coast of the Krasnodar Territory is extremely sparse in terms of bays, with the exception of Gelendzhik and Novorossiysk (bays). The most convenient bays for receiving ships are Tsemesskaya and Gelendzhikskaya.

The Black Sea is poor in islands, the largest - Serpentine(0.17 sq. km). The most significant of the peninsulas are Crimean, Kerch and Taman.

Characteristics of the Black Sea

The total area of ​​the Black Sea is 413,488 sq km. Water volume 537,000 cubic meters. km. The sea is a deep, oblong-shaped depression with a fairly flat bottom and steep slopes (from 6 to 20 degrees). The greatest depth is 2245 m, the average is 1271 m.

They flow into the Black Sea Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug, Dnieper, Rioni, Chorokh, and within the Krasnodar Territory - over 80 small rivers. Half of the river flow comes from the Danube. The annual runoff from land into the Black Sea is 400 cubic meters. km, the same amount evaporates from the surface of the sea. The Black Sea receives 175 cubic meters per year. km of salty Mediterranean water and 66 cu. km of Azov water of low salinity.

Most of all, the Black Sea water contains sodium chloride (77.8% of the total salt content), magnesium chloride (10.9%), calcium sulfate (3.6%). In addition, the Black Sea water contains about 60 more chemical elements: iodine, bromine, silver, radium etc.

The Black Sea is the warmest in our country. Temperature in the Black Sea in winter in the open part + 6..7 degrees Celsius, in the southern part + 8..10, in the northwestern part it often drops to -1 and ice fast ice forms there. In summer, the water temperature averages +24 degrees; near Sochi it can warm up to +28 degrees Celsius. At a depth of 50-70 meters the temperature is stable at +6-7 degrees.

Surface currents in the Black Sea are weak, their speed usually does not exceed 0.5 m/s. The main causes of surface currents are river runoff and wind.

The ebb and flow of the tides in the Black and Azov Seas are very weak. Their amplitude is 3-10 cm. Secular changes in sea level - an increase of 20-50 cm per hundred years.

During storms in the Black Sea, waves up to 10 m high and 150 m long develop. Usually the wave sizes are much smaller.

The force of the waves hitting the shore is enormous. In the Sochi area it reaches 20 tons per 1 sq. m.

Flora of the Black Sea quite rich and varied. In coastal waters there are thickets of brown algae - cystorhiza. On sandy and muddy shallows there are entire underwater fields of sea grass - zosters. Deeper there are extensive thickets of red algae - phyllophores.

Fauna of the Black Sea is very diverse, but due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, it is concentrated mainly in the upper 200-meter layer of water. There are sharks in the Black Sea - katrans, but they are harmless. Of the large mammals in the Black Sea, there are many dolphins - bottlenose dolphins and gray dolphins; they often swim close to the shore and swim among vacationers.

Holidays on the Black Sea you can choose according to your taste - you can, like 30 years ago, with grandmothers on folding beds, or in expensive hotels. Almost all cities and towns on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory are built up with private hotels. Their prices are cheaper than flying to Turkey. The summer season on the Black Sea begins in mid-May and ends at the end of October. In Sochi, in some years you can swim until mid-November.

Ancient Greece and the Black Sea

Black Sea in ancient times

During the era of the Great Greek colonization on the coast Black Sea Many cities were built, which by the beginning of the 5th century BC. turned into economically stable policies closely associated with city-states Aegean Greece . The largest of them were Heraclea Pontica and Sinope on the southern coast (modern Türkiye), Apollonia and Istria- in the west (modern Bulgaria and Romania, respectively), Olbia, Theodosia, Panticapaeum and Phanagoria- in the north (modern - the first two are Ukraine, Phanagoria - Russia, Krasnodar region), Dioscuriad and Phasis on the eastern coast of the Black Sea (modern Russia and Georgia (or Abkhazia)).

Materials for abstracts on the Black Sea.

Straits, Bosphorus and Dardanelles, located in the Marmara region of northwestern Turkey. The Sea of ​​Marmara and its surroundings located between them are often included in the Straits zone.

Description

The Black Sea straits successively connect the Black Sea with the Marmara Sea, and the Marmara Sea with the Aegean Sea, which is part of the Mediterranean. They also separate Europe (Thrace) from Asia Minor (Anatolia). The straits provide access to Mediterranean Sea and the world oceans of large parts of Russia, Ukraine, Transcaucasia and the countries of southeastern Europe. In addition to agricultural and industrial goods, a significant share of exports through the Straits is oil from Russia and other Caspian countries.

Bosphorus

The banks of the strait are connected by two bridges: the 1074-meter-long Bosphorus Bridge (completed in 1973) and the 1090-meter-long Sultan Mehmed Fatih Bridge (built in 1988) 5 km north of the first bridge. A third road bridge is planned, but the Turkish government is keeping the construction location secret for now to avoid rising land prices. In 2013, the Marmaray railway tunnel was opened, which united transport systems Istanbul, located in the European and Asian parts of the city.

Dardanelles

During the decline of the Ottoman Empire, at the London Conference in 1841, it was decided to close the Straits to the passage of any military ships in peacetime. Under a secret agreement in 1915, the straits were transferred to the Russian Empire. From the point of view of modern international law, the Straits area is a “high sea” and since 1936 has been governed in accordance with the provisions of the Montreux Convention on the Status of the Straits, while maintaining the sovereignty of the Turkish Republic over the latter.

see also

Dardanelles operation ()

Treaty of Sèvres () Unkyar-Iskelesi Treaty ()

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Notes

Literature

• Black Sea Straits- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
• in the Geographical Encyclopedia.
• in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law.
• Evmenenko, S. Black Sea Straits: myths and reality. - seanews.ru, July 13, 2006.
• Shemyakin, A. Black Sea Straits: history and modern problems. //Transport law. - 2003, No. 4.
• Rozakis, Christos L.. - Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
• Luneva Yu.V.. - M.: Quadriga, 2010. - 256 p.

Links

• Lewis, A.. - GeoJournal, Vol. 26, #4. - April 1992. - pp. 503-509. (English) ISSN 03432521
• Shirokorad A. B. article from Nezavisimaya Gazeta dated November 12, 2010

An excerpt characterizing the Black Sea straits

“I’m not joking,” continued Bilibin, “there is nothing fairer and sadder.” These gentlemen come to the bridge alone and raise white scarves; They assure that there is a truce, and that they, the marshals, are going to negotiate with Prince Auersperg. The officer on duty lets them into the tete de pont. [bridge fortification.] They tell him a thousand Gascon nonsense: they say that the war is over, that Emperor Franz has appointed a meeting with Bonaparte, that they want to see Prince Auersperg, and a thousand Gasconades, etc. The officer sends for Auersperg; These gentlemen hug the officers, joke, sit on the cannons, and meanwhile the French battalion enters the bridge unnoticed, throws bags of flammable substances into the water and approaches the tete de pont. Finally, the Lieutenant General himself appears, our dear Prince Auersperg von Mautern. “Dear enemy! The flower of the Austrian army, the hero of the Turkish wars! The enmity is over, we can give each other a hand... Emperor Napoleon is burning with the desire to recognize Prince Auersperg.” In a word, these gentlemen, not for nothing Gascons, shower Auersperg with beautiful words, he is so seduced by his so quickly established intimacy with the French marshals, so blinded by the sight of Murat’s mantle and ostrich feathers, qu"il n"y voit que du feu, et oubl celui qu"il devait faire faire sur l"ennemi. [That he sees only their fire and forgets about his own, which he was obliged to open against the enemy.] (Despite the liveliness of his speech, Bilibin did not forget to pause after this mot to give time to evaluate it.) The French battalion runs into tete de pont, the guns are nailed down, and the bridge is taken. No, but what’s best,” he continued, calming down in his excitement by the charm of his own story, “is that the sergeant assigned to that cannon, at the signal of which the mines were supposed to be lit and the bridge blown up, this sergeant, seeing that the French troops running to the bridge, he was about to shoot, but Lann pulled his hand away. The sergeant, who was apparently smarter than his general, comes up to Auersperg and says: “Prince, you are being deceived, these are the French!” Murat sees that the matter is lost if the sergeant is allowed to speak. He turns to Auersperg with surprise (a real Gascon): “I don’t recognize the Austrian discipline so vaunted in the world,” he says, “and you allow a lower rank to talk to you like that!” C "est genial. Le prince d" Auersperg se pique d "honneur et fait mettre le sergent aux arrets. Non, mais avouez que c" est charmant toute cette histoire du pont de Thabor. Ce n"est ni betise, ni lachete... [This is brilliant. Prince Auersperg is offended and orders the arrest of the sergeant. No, admit it, it’s lovely, this whole story with the bridge. This is not just stupidity, not just meanness...]
“C”est trahison peut etre, [Perhaps treason,] said Prince Andrei, vividly imagining the gray greatcoats, wounds, gunpowder smoke, the sounds of gunfire and the glory that awaits him.
– Non plus. “Cela met la cour dans de trop mauvais draps,” continued Bilibin. - Ce n"est ni trahison, ni lachete, ni betise; c"est comme a Ulm... - He seemed to think, looking for an expression: - c"est... c"est du Mack. Nous sommes mackes, [Also no. This puts the court in the most absurd position; this is neither treason, nor meanness, nor stupidity; it’s like at Ulm, it’s... it’s Makovshchina. We dipped ourselves. ] - he concluded, feeling that he had said un mot, and a fresh mot, such a mot that will be repeated.
The folds on his forehead that had been gathered until then quickly dissolved as a sign of pleasure, and he, smiling slightly, began to examine his nails.
- Where are you going? - he said suddenly, turning to Prince Andrei, who stood up and headed to his room.
- I'm going.
- Where?
- To Army.
- Yes, you wanted to stay two more days?
- And now I’m going now.
And Prince Andrei, having given the order to leave, went to his room.
“You know what, my dear,” said Bilibin, entering his room. - I thought about you. Why are you going?
And to prove the irrefutability of this argument, all the folds disappeared from the face.
Prince Andrei looked questioningly at his interlocutor and did not answer.
- Why are you going? I know you think it is your duty to join the army now that the army is in danger. I understand that, mon cher, c"est de l"heroisme. [my dear, this is heroism.]
“Not at all,” said Prince Andrei.
- But you are un philoSophiee, [a philosopher,] be one completely, look at things from the other side, and you will see that your duty, on the contrary, is to take care of yourself. Leave it to others who are no longer fit for anything... You were not ordered to come back, and you were not released from here; therefore, you can stay and go with us, wherever our unfortunate fate takes us. They say they are going to Olmutz. And Olmutz is a very nice city. And you and I will ride together calmly in my stroller.
“Stop joking, Bilibin,” said Bolkonsky.
– I tell you sincerely and in a friendly manner. Judge. Where and why will you go now that you can stay here? One of two things awaits you (he gathered the skin above his left temple): either you don’t reach the army and peace will be concluded, or defeat and disgrace with the entire Kutuzov army.
And Bilibin loosened his skin, feeling that his dilemma was irrefutable.
“I can’t judge this,” Prince Andrei said coldly, but he thought: “I’m going in order to save the army.”
“Mon cher, vous etes un heros, [My dear, you are a hero,” said Bilibin.

That same night, having bowed to the Minister of War, Bolkonsky went to the army, not knowing where he would find it, and fearing on the way to Krems to be intercepted by the French.
In Brünn, the entire court population packed up, and the burdens were already sent to Olmütz. Near Etzelsdorf, Prince Andrei drove out onto the road along which the Russian army was moving with the greatest haste and in the greatest disorder. The road was so crowded with carts that it was impossible to travel in a carriage. Having taken a horse and a Cossack from the Cossack commander, Prince Andrei, hungry and tired, overtaking the carts, rode to find the commander-in-chief and his cart. The most ominous rumors about the position of the army reached him on the way, and the sight of the army randomly running confirmed these rumors.
“Cette armee russe que l"or de l"Angleterre a transportee, des extremites de l"univers, nous allons lui faire eprouver le meme sort (le sort de l"armee d"Ulm)", ["This Russian army, which English gold was brought here from the end of the world, will experience the same fate (the fate of the Ulm army).”] he recalled the words of Bonaparte’s order to his army before the start of the campaign, and these words equally aroused in him surprise at the brilliant hero, a feeling of offended pride and hope of glory. “What if there is nothing left but to die? Well, if necessary, I will do it no worse than others.”
Prince Andrei looked with contempt at these endless, interfering teams, carts, parks, artillery and again carts, carts and carts of all possible types, overtaking one another and jamming the dirt road in three or four rows. From all sides, behind and in front, as long as one could hear one could hear the sounds of wheels, the rumble of bodies, carts and carriages, the clatter of horses, blows of a whip, shouts of urging, curses of soldiers, orderlies and officers. Along the edges of the road one could constantly see either fallen, skinned and unkempt horses, or broken carts, in which lonely soldiers were sitting, waiting for something, or soldiers separated from their teams, who were heading in crowds to neighboring villages or dragging chickens, sheep, hay or hay from the villages. bags filled with something.
On the descents and ascents the crowds became thicker, and there was a continuous groan of shouts. The soldiers, sinking knee-deep in mud, picked up guns and wagons in their hands; whips beat, hooves slid, lines burst and chests burst with screams. The officers in charge of the movement drove forward and backward between the convoys. Their voices were faintly audible amid the general roar, and it was clear from their faces that they despaired of being able to stop this disorder. “Voila le cher [“Here is the dear] Orthodox army,” thought Bolkonsky, remembering the words of Bilibin.

What is the difference between the Sea of ​​Azov and the Black Sea? The differences between them are cardinal. It’s easier to say what the similarities between these bodies of water are. Perhaps only in one: Azov and Black Sea, connected by the Kerch Strait, form a single Black Sea-Azov basin, which in turn is an internal basin of the Atlantic Ocean.

Geographical position

The Sea of ​​Azov had quite a few names, the most famous are Blue ocean And Russian Sea. The current name, Azov, comes from the city of Azov, located on the east coast. The reservoir is located in the northeastern part of the Black Sea region.

Due to the fact that only the small Kerch Peninsula separates it from the Black Sea, some scientists are inclined to consider the Sea of ​​Azov as a kind of Black Sea gulf, its area is 37600 km2. Largest sizes the length and width are 343x231 km, respectively.

This sea is the shallowest in the world. On average, the depth fluctuates at the level 5-7 meters, maximum depths do not exceed 15 meters. This is due to the extremely small volume of water - about 256 km3. The sea has 16 bays and estuaries, among them the largest are Taganrog- in the eastern part and Sivash Bay - in the western part. A characteristic feature of the Sea of ​​Azov is quite a large number of coastal spits There are no islands, only shallows. Only two countries are washed by the waters of the Sea of ​​Azov - Russia and Ukraine.

The maritime boundaries have not yet been determined. The sea is entirely located in the steppe zone, on flat terrain. Volcanic rocks on the shores of the Sea of ​​Azov do not reach the surface, which is why the coast along almost its entire length is muddy or sandy. There are small outcrops of limestone on the coast of the Taman and Kerch Peninsulas. River flow is formed by two large rivers– Don and Kuban, as well as many small rivers.

The Black Sea is approximately larger than the Sea of ​​Azov 11 times, it is called Black due to the high content of hydrogen sulfide at a depth of more than 120 meters. Metal objects falling to this depth become black. Located in the northern part of the sea Crimean peninsula, and, being part of the Crimean - Kerch Peninsula. The water surface area is 422000 km2.

Length from west to east – 1130 km, from North to South - 600 km. This body of water is one of the deepest in the world's oceans. The average depth is 1270 m, the maximum reaches 2245 m, volume - 547000 km3. There are more than 40 bays in the sea. The largest bays are Tamansky, Sinopsky, Odessky, Karkinitsky and Kalanitsky. There is only one comparatively big Island- Snake. The Black Sea washes the coasts of 6 states.

In the northwestern part - this is mainly the coast of Ukraine and Romania, the sea has gentle banks and sandy beaches . The shores are composed of sedimentary rocks. West Coast, washing Bulgaria, along with gently sloping shores, also has rocky areas, which is due to the Balkan Mountains. The Turkish coast in the south is almost entirely rocky, as it is backed by the Pontic Mountains. The Caucasus Range is located on the southeastern and eastern coasts, which is why the shores here are also rocky. The river flow is formed by the Danube, Southern Bug and Dnieper. In addition, there are a large number of small rivers.

In the southwestern part, the sea is connected through the Bosphorus Strait to the Sea of ​​Marmara. This strait passes through Turkish territory.

Salinity

Due to the small volume of the Sea of ​​Azov, the composition of its water largely depends on river flow. In essence, the water of the Azov Sea is Black Sea water mixed with the water of the flowing rivers. On average, salinity is low - in the central part it is about 13 ppm. In the Taganrog Bay, the water is absolutely fresh, since it is into this bay that the Don flows, in addition, the Taganrog Bay is located at a considerable distance from the Black Sea. As we get closer to Kerch Strait salinity increases, reaching 17 ppm.

The Black Sea is characterized by a higher level of salt content - 18 ppm on the surface and 22 ppm at a depth of more than 500 meters, but still, in comparison with other bodies of water in the world's oceans, the level of salt content in the Black Sea is low. The composition of the water is influenced by the Sea of ​​Marmara, but since the salinity of the Sea of ​​Marmara is higher, its waters are heavier and go deeper.

Fish stocks

The fishing value of the Azov Sea is incredibly high. Until the 50s of the 20th century, in terms of fish stocks it was the most productive body of water in the world. Azov sturgeon and sterlet were unique in taste, but the hydraulic construction that began in the 50s on the Don and Kuban had a detrimental effect on the reproduction of fish. The presence of dams has blocked access to spawning grounds, and poaching causes terrible damage to fish stocks.

Nevertheless, water world The Sea of ​​Azov contains about 80 species of fish- These are both marine and freshwater fish. Today, annual production is about 30,000 tons.

The Black Sea is characterized by rather small fish stocks. Salt water is unsuitable for freshwater fish. As for marine fish, the situation is the opposite - marine fish do not tolerate the rather low salt content in Black Sea water. In addition, due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, at a depth of more than 100 meters there is no fauna at all. More than 180 species of fish have been recorded in the Black Sea, but no more than 30 of them are commercially available. Unlike the Azov Sea, mammals live in the Black Sea - 3 species of dolphins. In addition to fish, mussels and algae are also of commercial importance.

Ports and resort areas

The Sea of ​​Azov does not have convenient bays necessary for navigation, but its main disadvantage is shallow water. Azov ports are located in the cities of Berdyansk, Mariupol, Taganrog, Rostov-on-Don, Yeysk, Temryuk. For the above reasons, large ocean-going ships cannot enter the ports of the Sea of ​​Azov - this determines the low cargo turnover of the ports and their poor development.

The popularity of the Azov Sea resorts is also low. The reasons are the opacity of the water, the monotony of the coastal landscape. Hence the poor development of resort infrastructure.

Due to the deep water, the ports of the Black Sea are characterized by large cargo turnover. The Black Sea coast of all countries has 43 ports. The largest ports are Novorossiysk, Odessa, Constanta, Varna, Trabzon, Batumi.

The mild climate, natural beauty and clear sea water make Black Sea resorts very popular. The infrastructure of the resorts is relatively developed - this attracts a significant number of vacationers.