Most people are familiar with large states - France, America, Germany. However, there are several countries such as Guinea on the planet. All of them are important economic components of the whole world. The article considers the capitals of each Guinea, describes their potential and population. Attention will also be paid to sights.

At school, few hours are devoted to studying these countries and their capitals. This question is quite interesting, because even though they are united by one name, culture and history are completely different.

Portuguese Guinea

This African colony lasted exactly 500 years, from 1474 to 1974. The capital of Portuguese Guinea is Bissau. He, along with Cacheu, was for a long time the center where the slave trade flourished. This name was given to the Portuguese possessions in 1879.

Initially, only the coast belonged to the indigenous people. At the very beginning of the 20th century, the Portuguese began to actively oppose the tribes that lived in the center of the continent. This resistance lasted long enough - in 1936 Bijagos passed into the possession of the Portuguese.

In 1956, the struggle for independence began, led by the PAIGC party. For a long time it was conducted with the help of political discussions, and after five years it turned to armed clashes. In 1973, the independent Republic of Guinea-Bissau was proclaimed.

Bissau

Bissau is the capital of Guinea-Bissau. The city was formed in 1687. It covers an area of ​​78 sq. km. As of 2009, almost 390 thousand people lived here.

The city was founded by the inhabitants of Portuguese Guinea as a center for the slave trade. The choice of location for its construction was influenced by the harbor, which was excellent for receiving various types of ships. Bissau is the main center of industry in its country.

Port Moresby

The capital of Papua New Guinea is Port Moresby. It is located on the coast of the country. The climate in the local area is dominated by subequatorial marine. Cold and dry weather prevails from May to September. Drought occurs periodically in this area. This feature of the climate is characteristic of the territory where the Capital is located, subjected to such cataclysms once every 40 years. The maximum temperature is +31 °С, the minimum is +23 °С.

The flora of this city is typical for tropical forests. Here you can often find oaks, beeches and some other species that were brought by scientists from the European part of the planet.

Population of Port Moresby

As of 2012, the capital of Guinea is home to over 317,000 people. Mostly Papuans and Malanesians live here. They speak 700 languages ​​among themselves. You can also often meet Europeans and Australians in the city. A small segment of the population consists of Chinese.

Speaking about the official languages, it must be said that English, Tok-Pisin and Hiri-Motu are recognized as the main ones. Visitors in most cases use the first one, the other two are used only by the natives.

90% of the population are Christians. The capital of Guinea has also become a place of residence for Protestants (60%) and Catholics (30%).

Culture Port Moresby

Town Peninsula, which is part of the capital, is the historical center. It attracts many tourists every year. In Town there is a fairly high hill, which offers stunning views of the entire city. The capital of Guinea in its center has buildings erected in the 19th century. Ella Church (1890) is considered the oldest building. She looks truly aristocratic. Buildings of political significance are concentrated in the north. In 1984, a house was built here, where parliamentary sessions are held to this day. Previously, sports games were held in the capital, so you can admire the special complex. It is designed for several thousand people and is even currently functioning.

Conakry

The capital of the Republic of Guinea is Conakry. It was recognized as such in 1958. Being a port, Conakry is located on the shores of one of the world's oceans. As of 2012, over 2 million people live here. The city is divided into communes and districts.

The capital of Guinea is the main economic sphere of the country. It is called the center of industry. The food, textile, chemical and woodworking industries, as well as metalworking and fishing are developed here. Due to the fact that the city has access to the ocean, the port is the main method of foreign trade of the state.

The architecture of the city began to develop at the end of the 19th century. Now here is the Polytechnic Institute, several hotels, scientific centers, a stadium, museums, Botanical Garden. All these places attract tourists.

In the eastern part of the city there is an art museum, where all national symbols are located, in the north - the People's Palace. It hosts theatrical performances. Also in the city is the headquarters of the country's main party. These are the places that attract tourists. The city administration cares about the safety of each of them.

Tropical rainforests grow. The western part of the island is the territory of Indonesia, and the eastern part is occupied by the state of Papua New Guinea.

New Guinea
indon. Pulau Irian New Guinea, talk pisin Niugini
Political division of New Guinea
Characteristics
Square	786,000 km²
highest point	4884 m
Population	9 500 000 people (2010)
Population density	12.09 people/km²
Location
5°19′S sh. 141°36′ E d. HGIOL
water area	Pacific Ocean
Countries
Regions	West Papua, Papua, Momase, Papua, Highlands
Audio, photo and video at Wikimedia Commons

Geography

Flora and fauna

Along the coast of the island of New Guinea, a wide (in some places up to 35 km) strip of mangrove vegetation stretches. This swampy zone is completely impassable and can only be crossed by sailing along the rivers. Thickets of wild sugarcane grow along the rivers, and groves of sago palms grow in wetlands.

Dense rainforests, formed by hundreds of tree species, rise up the slopes of the mountains. However, now there are also plantations and orchards. Coconut palms, bananas, sugar cane, melon tree, tubers - taro, yams, sweet potato, cassava and other crops grow. Gardens alternate with forests. Plots of land are cultivated for only 2-3 years, then overgrown with forest for 10-12 years. Thus fertility is restored.

Above 1000-2000 m, forests become more uniform in composition, conifers begin to predominate in them, especially araucaria. These trees are of economic importance: their wood is a valuable building material. However, the delivery of sawn timber is difficult due to the paucity of good roads.

The highlands of New Guinea are covered with shrubs and meadows. In the intermountain basins, where the climate is drier, herbaceous vegetation is widespread, which arose in place of forests mainly as a result of fires.

The fauna is represented by reptiles, insects and especially numerous birds. For the fauna of mammals, as in neighboring Australia, only representatives of marsupials are characteristic - bandicoot (marsupial badger), wallaby (tree kangaroo), couscous, etc. In the forests and on the coast there are many snakes, including poisonous ones, and lizards. Crocodiles and turtles are found near the sea coasts and in large rivers. Of the birds, cassowaries, birds of paradise, crowned pigeons, parrots, weed chickens are characteristic. Europeans brought domestic chickens, dogs and pigs to the island. Feral pigs, as well as rats, field mice and some other animals have spread widely throughout the island.

"Garden of Eden"

In 2005, a group of American researchers discovered a place in the rainforests of the mountainous region of New Guinea, which they called the "Garden of Eden".

This area of ​​about 300 thousand hectares is located on the slopes of the Foggia Mountains in the western part of New Guinea and was isolated from the influence of the outside world.

Scientists have discovered in the "Garden of Eden" more than 20 previously unknown species of frogs, four new species of butterflies, five species of palm trees unknown to science, and many other plants. Several species of the rarest marsupials were found - tree kangaroos, as well as the six-feathered "bird of paradise" Berlepsha, previously considered extinct.

All animals - the inhabitants of the highlands - are not afraid of humans, in particular, the rare long-beaked prochidna allowed scientists to pull themselves together.

Story

Early history

In ancient times, New Guinea was connected to Australia. The division occurred as a result of rising global sea levels relatively recently. This explains the presence on New Guinea of ​​numerous species of marsupials living in Australia. Human settlement occurred at least 45 thousand years BC. e. from Asia. Subsequently, more than a thousand Papuan-Melanesian tribes descended from the settlers. The absence of large, domesticable animals on the island hindered the development of agriculture and made cattle breeding impossible. This contributed to the preservation of the primitive communal system in large territories New Guinea up to the present day. The diversity of languages ​​and many tribes was due to the isolation of people from each other due to the mountainous landscape and the lack of technical means to promote communication and cultural exchange.

On the territory of New Guinea, there is an ancient agricultural settlement of Kuka, showing the isolated development of agriculture over 7-10 millennia and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Discovery by Europeans

Long before the discovery of New Guinea by Europeans, inhabitants of the ancient Indonesian states hunted here for slaves and exotic birds. Already in the 8th century, the lords of the Srivijaya empire from the island of Sumatra gave the Chinese emperors of the Tang Dynasty black slaves caught on the New Guinean shores and many parrots. On the bas-reliefs of the largest Javanese temple of Borobudur (the first half of the 9th century), one can see images of such “orang papua” - curly-haired people.

The discoverers of New Guinea were Spanish and Portuguese navigators at the beginning of the 16th century. In 1526, the Portuguese don Jorge de Menezes landed on the northwestern coast of the island, according to legend, he called the lands he discovered Ilhas dos Papuas- "Islands of Papua", from the Malay word meaning "curly"; apparently, the coarse curly hair of the Melanesian natives was meant.

In the 1870s, the territory was explored by Russian scientists. In 1875, the scientist N. N. Miklukho-Maclay requested the government of the Russian Empire with a proposal to establish a Russian protectorate over part of the island, which was later named after the scientist Miklukho-Maclay Coast, but Alexander II rejected his proposal.

In the 1880s, the rest of the island was divided between the Netherlands, Great Britain and the German Empire. The western half of New Guinea remained behind the Netherlands, the British acquired the southeast, the Germans - the northeast, which they called Kaiser Wilhelm Land. In 1885 and in 1895, Great Britain and Germany, who owned lands in the eastern part of New Guinea, recognized the authority of the Netherlands over the western part of the island. The border between Dutch New Guinea and its eastern part ran along 141 degrees east longitude.

The British part was given to Australia in, and the German after

The name of the country comes from the Indonesian "papuwa", which means "curly".

Capital of Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby.

Papua New Guinea Square. 462840 km2.

population of papua new guinea. 5049 thousand people

Location of Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea is a state in, in the southwestern part, located mainly in New Guinea (eastern part), Bismarck, (northern part) and occupies about 200 more islands.

Administrative division papua new guinea. The state is divided into 19 provinces and 1 metropolitan area.

Form of government of Papua New Guinea. .

Head of State of Papua New Guinea. The Queen, represented by the Governor General.

Supreme legislature of Papua New Guinea. Unicameral National Parliament.

Supreme executive body of Papua New Guinea. Government.

Major cities in Papua New Guinea. Lae, Madang.

Official language of Papua New Guinea. English, pidgin English, hiri-motu.

Religion in Papua New Guinea. 34% traditional, 22% , 16% Lutheran, 8% Presbyterian, Methodist and London Missionary Society, 5% Anglican, 4% Evangelical Alliance, 1% Seventh Day Adventist, 1 % - the rest of the Protestant communities.

Ethnic composition of Papua New Guinea. 84% - Papuans, 16% - Melanesians, Chinese, Anglo,.

Currency of Papua New Guinea. Kina = 100 toya.

I am starting to fulfill applications from, by the way, there are 4 more places vacant for your proposals - who missed it? And we read the proposed topic by a friend unis

Papua New Guinea is a state in Oceania, the main territory of which is located in the east of the island of New Guinea and neighboring, smaller islands (New Britain, New Ireland, etc.). It is washed by the Pacific Ocean and its seas: Arafura and Coral.

The name of the country is formed from two parts: "Papua", which in Malay means "the land of people with curly hair" (as the Malays called the locals, whose hair is mostly straight) and "New Guinea" - because of the dark the skin color of the natives, which seemed to Europeans similar to the skin color of the natives from African Guinea.

It occupies the eastern half of New Guinea (this part of the country is considered the "mainland"), the Bismarck archipelago (with the large islands of New Britain and New Ireland), the Bougainville and Buka islands in the Solomon Islands chain, the Louisiade archipelagos, D "Entrecasteaux, Trobriand and a number of smaller islands.The territories that are now part of the state were formerly divided into two administrative units: Papua (the southeastern region of New Guinea with adjacent islands), which belonged to Australia, and the northeastern part of New Guinea with nearby islands, which had UN Trust Territory status and administered by Australia.

In 1949, both parts were integrated by the Australian authorities into the so-called. administrative union. This association in 1971 was named Papua New Guinea, and in 1973 acquired internal self-government. On September 16, 1973, the independence of the country was proclaimed. Papua New Guinea is a member of the UN and the British Commonwealth. Area 462,840 sq. km. The population is 4599.8 thousand people (1998). The capital is Port Moresby on the southeast coast of New Guinea.

Probably the first settlers arrived in the region of present-day Papua New Guinea by sea from Southeast Asia c. 30 thousand years ago, when New Guinea, Australia and Tasmania were connected by land bridges and represented a single landmass. These people, speakers of the Papuan languages, were engaged in hunting and gathering, and much later, perhaps, began to cultivate and grow some plants. The second significant wave of population migration occurred about 6 thousand years ago. Newcomers who spoke Austronesian languages ​​introduced more advanced economic and cultural traditions. In New Guinea, they set about clearing tropical rainforests and draining swamps in intermountain basins to cultivate sweet potatoes, taro, and other crops brought from Southeast Asia. There appeared highly specialized communities of potters, salt-workers, canoe builders, and stonemasons. The inhabitants of the coastal regions were skilled seafarers and regularly traveled in large canoes to distant islands, offering their products and jewelry there. The shores of New Guinea became known to Portuguese and Spanish merchants on their way to the East Indies from the 16th century. They were followed by Dutch, French and English expeditions. The number of foreign ships entering these waters increased in connection with the founding of the British colony in Australia at the end of the 18th century. and the development of whaling in the Pacific in the 19th century. In 1847, Catholic missionaries settled on the island of Murua (Woodlark), located in the Solomon Sea, and traders and travelers established contacts with many coastal tribes.

However, for a long time, Europeans could not penetrate into the interior of New Guinea with its rugged terrain, dense forests and vast swamps - breeding grounds for malaria. Besides, locals had a bad reputation as cannibals. In 1872 the London Missionary Society established a mission on the islands in the Torres Strait and then on the south coast of New Guinea. The Wesleyan Methodist Mission was established in the Duke of York Islands in 1875, and the Catholic Mission in the east of New Britain in 1882. fishing for pearls and shells or rushed to search for the legendary gold of the South Seas. Although Melanesians from the Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides were mainly hired to work on the plantations of Queensland, Fiji and Samoa, the recruiters did not ignore the inhabitants of the coastal and inland regions of modern Papua New Guinea. Australia showed increased interest in this territory, and in 1883 Queensland annexed the eastern part of New Guinea, ostensibly acting on behalf of Great Britain.

Rainwater and underground streams combined underground to create a maze of tunnels known as Ora Cave in Papua New Guinea. (Stephen Alvarez, National Geographic)

However, due to pressure from Australia and taking into account Germany's intentions to create its own Pacific empire, Great Britain in 1884 captured the southeastern part of New Guinea from neighboring islands and established a colony there called British New Guinea. Germany annexed to her empire the northeastern part of New Guinea and the islands to the east of it; This colony was named German New Guinea. The German administration tried to establish trade with its colony, but commercial production projects were hampered by malaria and difficulties in appeasing local tribes and hiring labor, especially in the coastal lowlands. Nevertheless, German companies launched the production of copra on plantations in the Bismarck archipelago. Then plantations appeared on the island of Bougainville. The German colonial authorities treated the Melanesians strictly and even harshly, but at the same time they sought to impart practical knowledge to them. The German Catholic and Protestant missionaries were guided by the idea that their efforts would contribute to the "enlightenment" of the natives.

Missionaries also intensified their activities in British New Guinea, which was considered an unpromising territory. In 1888, gold was found in the Louisiade archipelago, and hundreds of Australian prospectors rushed to the interior of New Guinea. In the 1920s, rich gold-bearing placers were discovered along the Bulolo River. In 1906, British New Guinea was ceded to Australia and renamed the Territory of Papua. Her affairs from 1908 to 1940 were handled by Governor Hubert Murray. At the start of World War I in 1914, German New Guinea was occupied by Australian troops. At the end of the war, Australia received a mandate from the League of Nations to administer the former German colony, which became known as the Territory of New Guinea. German plantations and trading companies also passed into Australian ownership.

The plantation economy in this mandate, unlike Papua, developed successfully until the economic crisis of the 1930s. In the next 20 years, prospectors, missionaries and government officials rushed into the vast intermountain valleys of New Guinea. The population of the coastal regions and the islands, who were mainly engaged in subsistence farming, gradually began to introduce cash crops into circulation. However, the development of commodity-money circulation was more facilitated by men who were hired to work on plantations or gold mines for modest wages and food. Religious missions provided the Melanesians with some education and medical care. Before the Second World War, all these changes gradually occurred in the plains, but little affected the mountainous regions.

In 1942, the Japanese troops captured the northern part of New Guinea, part of the Bismarck archipelago and the island of Bougainville. They occupied some areas for four years. The rest of what is now Papua New Guinea remained under Australian control. During the war, over a million Australian and American troops visited New Guinea. Part of the indigenous population, especially in the Sepik valley and Bougainville, suffered greatly due to military operations and bombing.

Killed American soldiers in Papua New Guinea.

In some places, for example, on Manus Island, large military bases were placed. The inhabitants of the mountainous regions were little affected by the war. After the war, the northeastern part of New Guinea came under the administration of Australia as a UN Trust Territory, and in 1949 was merged with Papua. The new administrative unit was named Papua New Guinea.

Australia tried to contribute to the socio-economic development of the country and improve the welfare of the Melanesian population. Measures were taken to strengthen centralized management with the participation of representatives of the local population. Particular attention was paid to overpopulated mountainous areas, contacts with which have been established relatively recently. In 1953, the first road was built from the coast through the Kassam Pass to the mountains. The administration sought to improve the systems of medical care and education, and religious missions carried out considerable work in this direction. In 1964, general elections were held and a Legislative Assembly was formed, where most of the seats were taken by the natives. New government institutions arose, and old ones were transformed.

Laws that infringed on the rights of the Melanesians were repealed. In the same 1964, the University of Papua New Guinea opened in Port Moresby. In the 1970s and 1980s, the mining industry became the main lever for the country's economic development. In 1972, the exploitation of copper and gold deposits began in Bougainville, where the plantation economy was replaced by a more modern industry with advanced technologies. Similar trends have emerged in some other areas of Papua New Guinea, where new roads, cities and ports have been built. In 1967, the national political party "Pangu Pati" was founded. After the 1972 elections, it formed a coalition government headed by Michael T. Somare, which resolutely sought to grant the country independence. This goal was reached on September 16, 1975.

Laguna Madang is the largest on the northern coast of Papua New Guinea (PNG).

The political situation in the young state became more complicated in connection with the separatist movement on the island of Bougainville. The roots of this movement date back to 1884, when Germany annexed part of the Solomon Islands to its colony of New Guinea, breaking the ethno-linguistic ties of the population of this archipelago. Separatist sentiments hovered in the air for many years and manifested themselves on the eve of the declaration of independence of Papua New Guinea. The creation of the provincial government of the Northern Solomon Islands in 1976 defused the situation, but did not solve the problem itself. The situation worsened in connection with the construction of a giant complex for the extraction of copper ore in Bougainville. The reason for the armed conflict that broke out in 1988 was initially the dissatisfaction of local landowners with the amount of compensation received from the Bougainville Copper mining company. Other claims followed, and eventually a demand was made for Bougainville's independence. As a result of clashes between the local population and the army units and the police of Papua New Guinea, 15-20 thousand people were killed on both sides. Repeated attempts to achieve calm in the area for a long time remained without results. Only in 1998 did peace negotiations begin and there was hope for their successful completion.

Papua New Guinea is washed by the Arafura, Coral, Solomon and New Guinea Seas, as well as the Pacific Ocean. The country is separated from Australia by the Torres Strait, about 160 km wide. The state has a land border only with Indonesia (in the west), which is drawn along the 141 meridian and only in a small area deviates to the west along with the Fly River. It borders by sea with Australia (in the south), the Solomon Islands (in the southeast), Nauru (in the east) and the Federated States of Micronesia (in the north).

The island of New Guinea and most of the country's other islands are mountainous. The height of a significant part of the territory is more than 1000 m above sea level, and some peaks of New Guinea reach 4500 m, that is, the belt of eternal snow. Many of the mountain ranges are chains of volcanoes. In Papua New Guinea 18 active volcanoes. Most of them are located in the north of the country. Strong, sometimes catastrophic earthquakes are also associated with volcanic activity.

The main ranges of the eastern part of the island of New Guinea begin with a strip of 50 km directly from the border with Indonesia (the Star Mountains, which are a continuation of the Snowy Mountains), gradually expanding to 250 km in the central part (the Central Range, the Bismarck Range with the country's highest point - Mount Wilhelm - 4509 m high, Schroeder Ridge, Muller Ridge and others). Further to the southeast, the mountains become narrower and lower (pass into the Owen Stanley Range, from maximum height 4072 - Mount Victoria) and at the southeastern tip of the island are submerged under water. Some peaks rise above the water forming the Luizada archipelago. The northern slopes of these mountains are steep, while the southern slopes are gentle. The southern foothill zone of the Central Range is commonly referred to as the Papua Plateau. The closer to the sea, the lower this plateau is, and gradually turns into a swampy lowland.

Parallel to the central mountains, the low spurs of the Northern Coastal Mountains enter the territory of Papua New Guinea from Indonesia: partly the Bevani Mountains (up to 1960 m high), the Torricelli Mountains ( highest point- Mount Sulen, 1650 m high), Prince Alexander Mountains (the highest point is Mount Turu, 1240 m high). Coastal mountains end in lowlands (valleys of the Sepik and Ramu rivers). As part of these mountains, the Adelbert Mountains (the highest point is Mount Mengam, 1718 m high), lying on the right bank of the Ramu River near the mouth, as well as the Finistere and Saruvaged Mountains located on the Huon Peninsula, with a maximum height of 4121 m (Mount Bangeta ). In addition to the main island, there are significant ridges on the islands of New Britain (Whiteman Ridge, Nakani and Baining Mountains, with a maximum height of 2334 m - Ulawun Volcano) and New Ireland (Scheinitz and Worron Ranges, with heights up to 2340 m).

Year	date	Events
1824		Holland declared the lands of the island of New Guinea to the west of 141° E. e. with their own property.
1884	the 3rd of November	Germany declares a protectorate over the northeastern part of the island (east of 141° E), called German New Guinea.
1884	November 6	Great Britain declares a protectorate over the southeastern part of the island (east of 141° E), called British New Guinea.
1885	April	Germany establishes a protectorate over the northern part of the Solomon Islands (Buka Island, Bougainville Island, Choiseul Island, Shortland Island, Santa Isabel Island, Ontong Java (Lord Howe) Atoll).
1886		British New Guinea becomes a British colony.
1899	November 14	Germany transfers to the British Protectorate of the Solomon Islands: Ontong Java Atoll, Choiseul Island, Shortland Island, Santa Isabel Island. Buka Island and Bougainville Island are included in the colony of German New Guinea.
1906	September 1	Great Britain gave the Commonwealth of Australia the colony of British New Guinea, renamed Papua.
1914	11th of November	German New Guinea occupied by Australia, renamed North East New Guinea.
1920	December 17	Australia receives a League of Nations mandate to administer North East New Guinea, called the Territory of New Guinea.
1942	January 21	The beginning of the Japanese occupation of the island of New Guinea.
1942	April 10th	Australia territorially united Papua and the Territory of New Guinea, under the name - Territory of Papua and New Guinea.
1949		Administrative association of lands.
1971	July 1	The Australian authorities have given a new name: the Territory of Papua New Guinea.
1973	December	The territory of Papua New Guinea received self-government.
1975	16 of September	The independent state of Papua New Guinea was proclaimed as part of the Commonwealth, and a constitution was adopted.

The national cuisine of Papua New Guinea is a rather colorful mixture of the culinary traditions of various peoples of Oceania and Southeast Asia. As a rule, the basis of most dishes are various root vegetables and meats such as pork and various poultry (including game).
One of the most common dishes among the local population is "mumu", which is an oven-cooked stew of pork, sweet potatoes, rice and several local herbs. The first is usually served with "bugandi" - a simple soup seasoned with eggs. In coastal regions, meat dishes are usually replaced by various types of fish, which are caught in abundance in the seas that wash the shores of Papua New Guinea. In most cases, rice or sorghum is a side dish for meat or fish, yams and a peculiar taste of taro cereal are also popular.

As appetizers before the main course, various salads made from vegetables and those root crops that can be eaten raw are popular. Bread is often replaced with specially fried breadfruit.
For dessert, a variety of fruits are offered - from bananas and mangoes to passion fruit and pineapples. Also popular is the dessert "dia" - sliced ​​​​bananas, sago and coconut cream. Sago is also used to make sweet pies with various fillings. Sweet sugarcane stalks are especially popular in coastal areas.
You can quench your thirst in Papua New Guinea with local lemonade (“muli-wara”), good local coffee or an incredible variety of fresh fruit juices, including those made from a mixture of various fruits.
European cuisine is distributed mainly in the capital of the country, Port Moresby, and in areas of the main tourist routes.

Port Moresby is the capital of New Guinea, it is a city that is located in the southeastern part of the young island of New Guinea. In addition to being the capital of the state of Papua New Guinea, it is also the center of the Port Moresby district.

In general, the population here consists of Melanesians and Papuans. Pidgin English (adapted English) is recognized as the official language. Despite this, more than 700 languages ​​are spoken here, and this is not counting the various dialects. The thing is that the tribal system thrives on the island, and the language directly depends on belonging to a particular tribe. In addition to the indigenous population, Europeans and Australians also live in Port Moresby.
Christianity flourishes in the city. According to statistics, 30% of the population are Catholics, 60% are Protestants. The remaining 10% consider themselves atheists or profess an animistic faith.

The city was founded in 1873 when John Moresby arrived on the island. The Englishman liked the beautiful and quiet bay, and he named it after his own. So this untouched area became Port Moresby.

In 1884 the future capital of papua new guinea became part of New Guinea, which at that time was a colony of Great Britain. Further, the colony of Papua came under the rule of Australia, and only after 43 years merged with New Guinea. In 1964, the first elections were held, as a result of which the Aboriginal people gained power. Opened in the same year National University Papua New Guinea. In 1975, the young state became completely independent and began to actively develop. Port Moresby became the capital of Papua New Guinea.

The central part of the city, along which the port line runs, is simply called by the locals - Town. Ela Beach Park is located in the southern part of the city. Architectural monuments are mainly located in the center, in the historical part. They stand out strongly among modern buildings. For example, between office buildings and hotels, it’s hard not to notice El’s church, built in 1890.

Government buildings, as well as the business part of the city, are located in the north. There is also a large sports center. He has been working here since 1980.
Cultural assets include the National University and the Papua New Guinea Museum. The flag is as unusual as the capital itself: a black ship is painted on a yellow background, symbolizing port city. Under it, the name of the city - Port Moresby - is displayed in black letters.

Local residents not only honor their city, but also try to develop it in every possible way, so the service and tourist vacation.

Population- 6.1 million (July 2010 estimate)

population growth- 2.0% (fertility - 3.5 births per woman)

Density– 13 people/km²

fertility– 27 per 1000 people

Mortality– 6.6 per 1000 people

infant mortality- 44.6 per 1000 babies

Life expectancy of men- 63.8 years

Women's life expectancy- 68.3 years

Infection with the immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- 1.5% (2007 estimate)

Literacy- 63% of men, 51% of women (according to the 2000 census)

Percentage of urban population — 12 %

Proportion of population over 65 years old — 3,5 %

Percentage of population under 15 — 36,9 %

Ethno-racial composition - Melanesians, Papuans, Negrito, Micronesians, Polynesians.

Languages ​​- official: Tok Pisin (the most common), English (knows 1%), Hiri Motu (knows 2%). Over 800 indigenous languages.

Religions - Roman Catholic 27%, Lutheran 19.5%, One Church 11.5%, Adventist 10%, Pentecostal 8.6%, Evangelical 5.2%, Anglican 3.2%, Baptist 2.5%, other Protestant 8 .9%, Baha'is 0.3%, Aboriginal and other faiths 3.3% (according to the 2000 census).

In Papua New Guinea, the majority of the population still lives in villages and engages in subsistence farming, while markets are beginning to take shape. Some of the agricultural products are produced for sale. The number of people employed in the mining and manufacturing industries and in the service sector is growing. The slash-and-burn system of agriculture dominates, focused on the cultivation of tropical starch plants, primarily tubers. New areas are cleared and cultivated every year, and the land set aside for fallow after harvesting is again overgrown with shrubs. In mountainous areas, the main crop is sweet potato. Yams, bananas, taro, coconut palms and a variety of vegetables and fruits are also grown in the lowlands. To prepare land for farming, the men cut and burn trees and shrubs during the dry season, while the women are responsible for sowing, weeding and harvesting. Mixed crops are practiced when several different crops are grown on the same plot. IN mountainous areas slope terracing is carried out to regulate surface runoff, reduce soil erosion on steep slopes and extend the growing season. Many tribes, engaged in field work, perform rituals in the hope of a rich harvest. Plots are usually fenced off from pigs. These animals are looked after by women and children, although the status of a man in society is determined precisely by the number of pigs he owns.

Pork is eaten exclusively on holidays. It is customary to allocate land members of the community for only one growing season, and after harvesting, return them to the property of the clan or clan. This traditional land use system does not fit the cultivation of such perennial tree and shrub crops as chocolate and coffee trees, coconut and oil palms, tea, which grow in one place for 20-50 years. After the Second World War, the Australian authorities stimulated the development of commodity production in the countryside, which in many areas was combined with the traditional farming system. As a result, small farms outperform plantation farms, which were leaders in the colonial period, in terms of production. At present, coconut palms are grown in the coastal lowlands of New Guinea and other islands, from the nuts of which copra is obtained, and in the north of New Guinea and on a larger scale in New Britain, New Ireland and Bougainville, the chocolate tree.

In 1997, palm oil from New Britain ranked second in terms of value (after coffee) in agricultural exports. Coffee, the main commodity in the highlands, was introduced to the culture and became widespread in the 1950s. Another important commodity is exported from the mountainous regions - tea. All market trees and shrubs are grown both on small farms and on plantations, originally created with foreign investment, but gradually being taken over by local cooperative associations. The production of cocoa, coffee, tea and palm oil requires machinery that is usually available only to large plantation-type enterprises. The cultivation of pyrethrum at altitudes above 1,800 m, the production of fruits and vegetables for city bazaars, and animal husbandry are of secondary commercial importance. A special place is occupied by the culture of betel, which has a stimulating effect on humans and is highly valued in local markets. The country has exceptionally rich mineral resources, which led to the development of the mining industry, which in 1996 provided 27% of GDP, i.e. about the same as agriculture, forestry and fisheries combined. Large-scale mining of copper and gold began in Pangun on Bougainville Island in 1972.

Ore reserves were estimated at 800 million tons, with a copper content of 0.46% and gold - 15.83 g per 1 ton. Production was carried out by the Bougainville Copper company, owned by the Konzinc Riotinto international monopoly. The huge Ok-Tedi copper deposit in the northwestern part of the mountainous New Guinea is estimated at 250 million tons (in 1 ton of copper ore 0.852% and gold 0.653 g). In the late 1980s, gold mining began at Porgera near Ok Tedi, on Misima Island off the southeast coast of New Guinea, and on Lihir Island off the coast of New Ireland. According to experts, Papua New Guinea can become the world's largest supplier of gold (displacing South Africa). Porgera is already in the top ten producing gold deposits in the world. Any disruption to the mining industry has a profound effect on the entire economy of Papua New Guinea. Due to the closure of the mine in Bougainville in 1989, an armed conflict broke out between local separatists and the central government, which could not come to terms with the loss of an important source of income. In 1997, due to a severe drought, the surface runoff in the Fly River basin, through which the products of the Ok-Tedi and Porgera deposits are transported, sharply decreased. Oil and natural gas reserves have been discovered in Papua New Guinea.

The first project for a gas pipeline to Australia has been proposed and other projects are likely to follow. About 60% of the energy used in the country comes from charcoal, 35% from imported petroleum products, and only 5% from hydropower. IN last years logging is carried out by foreign companies, mainly Asian ones. In 1994, when world timber prices soared, timber products accounted for 19% of Papua New Guinea's exports. They are almost entirely destined for the Japanese and South Korean markets, and therefore the economic crisis that swept Asian countries in the second half of the 1990s led to a noticeable decrease in the income received by Papua New Guinea from this industry. The beauty of the nature of Papua New Guinea and the originality of the cultures of the peoples inhabiting it should also be considered as a potential resource for the development of foreign tourism. Undoubtedly, this country is more promising for the development of tourism than the Cook Islands or Samoa.

Independent State of Papua New Guinea
English Independent State of Papua New Guinea talk-pisin Independent Stet bilong Papua Niugini
Hymn: "O Arise All You Sons"
date of independence	16 September 1975 (from Australia)
Official language	English, Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu
Capital
The largest city	Port Moresby, .
Form of government	a constitutional monarchy
Queen	Elizabeth II
Governor General	Bob Dadae
Prime Minister	Peter O'Neill
Territory	54th in the world
Total	462,840 km²
% water surface	2
Population
Score (2013)	▲ 7 334 638 people (104th)
Census (2011)	7,059,653 people
Density	13 people/km²
GDP
Total (2005)	$14.363 billion (126th)
Per capita	$2,418
HDI (2013)	▲ 0.466 (low; 156th)
Currency	Kina (PGK)
Internet domain	.pg
ISO code	PG
IOC code	PNG
Telephone code	+675
Time Zones	+10

Papua New Guinea, Papua New Guinea(full title - Independent State of Papua New Guinea; English Papua New Guinea [ˈpæpuːə njuː ˈɡɪni] (also ˈpɑːpuːə, ˈpæpjuːə), tok-pisin Papua Niugini, hiri-motu Papua Niu Gini) - a state in, in the southwestern part Pacific Ocean, occupies the eastern part of the island, the Bismarck Archipelago, the northern part of the Solomon Islands (Bougainville, Buka Islands), the D'Entrecasteaux Islands and others. The area is 462,840 km². Population - 7,275,324 people (2011) - mainly Papuans and Melanesians. Urban population - 15.2% (1991).

The official languages ​​are English, Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu. Most of the population are Christians, the rest adhere to local traditional beliefs. Administrative-territorial division: 20 provinces. Capital - . Included in the Commonwealth of Nations. The head of state is the British Queen, represented by the Governor General. The legislative body is the National Parliament.

Name

Name "Papua" comes from the Malay word "papua", which translated into Russian means "curly" (according to another version from " papua orang- "curly black-headed man"). This name was given to the island by the Portuguese Jorge de Menezes in 1526, noting the shape of the hair of the locals. In 1545, the island was visited by Iñigo Ortiz de Retes and gave it the name "New Guinea", since, in his opinion, the locals were similar to the natives in (perhaps he saw the similarity of the outlines of the shores of the new island and the territory of African Guinea).

From the beginning of European colonization to gaining independence, the country changed its official name. The southeastern part was called British New Guinea in 1884-1906, and Papua (under Australian control) in 1906-1949. The northeastern part was at first a colony and in 1884-1920 was called German New Guinea (from 1914 under the control of Australia), and in 1920-1949, according to the decision of the League of Nations, it was renamed the Territory of New Guinea, mandated by Australia. In 1949, the two Australian colonies were united into one - the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. In 1972, the province was renamed the Territory of Papua New Guinea. Since 1975, the name Papua New Guinea has become the official name for the newly independent state.

Physical and geographical characteristics

Geographical position and relief

The state of Papua New Guinea is located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, north of Australia and not far from the equator. The country occupies the eastern part of the island, located to the northeast of it, the Bismarck archipelago (which includes major islands, New Ireland, as well as the Admiralty Islands, Tabar, Lihir, Tanga, Feni, St. Matthias and others), located to the east, the northern part of the Solomon Islands (with largest islands Bougainville and Buka), located southeast of the main island of D'Entrecasteaux, Murua (Woodlark), Trobriand, the Louisiade archipelago, as well as other nearby islands and reefs (more than 600 in total).

Owen Ridge - Stanley.

Papua New Guinea is washed by the Arafura, Coral, Solomon and New Guinea Seas, as well as the Pacific Ocean. The country is separated from Australia by the Torres Strait, about 160 km wide. The state has a land border only with (in the west), which is drawn along the 141st meridian and only in a small area deviates to the west along with the Fly River. It borders Australia (to the south), (to the southeast), (to the east) and the Federated States of Micronesia (to the north) by sea.

The exploration of the island and the penetration of Europeans there began only in the 19th century. Thus, the Russian researcher N. Miklukho-Maclay lived among the Papuans for a total of almost four years (in the 1870s and early 1880s).

In the 19th century, Papua New Guinea was also visited by other Europeans - merchants, whalers, missionaries. Europeans brought the first iron tools to Papua New Guinea.

Since 1884, the southeastern part of about. New Guinea (Papua) was under the rule of the British Empire, which at the beginning of the 20th century transferred it to Australia.

The northeastern part with the adjacent islands - the Bismarck Archipelago and others (later the name New Guinea was assigned to this territory) was captured in the 1880s, after the First World War, in 1920 transferred to Australia as a mandated territory of the League of Nations (later - ward UN territory).

In 1949, both parts (Papua and New Guinea) were administratively united by the Australian authorities.

In 1973, the territory of Papua New Guinea received internal self-government. In September 1975 it became an independent state.

In 1988-1997, there was a guerrilla war on the island of Bougainville - the Revolutionary Army of Bougainville fought for the separation of the island from Papua New Guinea. To fight against the partisans, the government of Papua New Guinea used almost all the armed forces of the country (about 2 thousand soldiers and officers), and also asked Australia for help, which sent a small military contingent, and hired a group of professional mercenaries. During this war, about 20 thousand people died.

In 2012, a cannibal sect disrupted the elections by terrorizing the local population.

Chronological table

Year	date	Events
1824		declared the lands of the island to the west of 141 ° e. e. with their own property.
1884	the 3rd of November	declares a protectorate over the northeastern part of the island (east of 141 ° E), called German New Guinea.
1884	November 6	declares a protectorate over the southeastern part of the island (east of 141 ° E), called British New Guinea.
1885	April	Germany establishes a protectorate over the northern part of the Solomon Islands (Buka Island, Bougainville Island, Choiseul Island, Shortland Island, Santa Isabel Island, Ontong Java (Lord Howe) Atoll).
1886		British New Guinea becomes a British colony.
1899	November 14	Germany transfers Ontong Jawa Atoll, Choiseul Island, Shortland Island and Santa Isabel Island. Buka Island and Bougainville Island are included in the colony of German New Guinea.
1906	September 1	Great Britain gave the Commonwealth of Australia the colony of British New Guinea, renamed Papua.
1914	11th of November	German New Guinea occupied by Australia, renamed North East New Guinea.
1920	December 17	Australia receives a League of Nations mandate to administer North East New Guinea, called the Territory of New Guinea.
1942	January 21	The beginning of the Japanese occupation of the island of New Guinea.
1942	April 10th	Australia territorially united Papua and the Territory of New Guinea, under the name - Territory of Papua and New Guinea.
1949		Administrative association of lands.
1971	July 1	The Australian authorities have given a new name: the Territory of Papua New Guinea.
1973	December	The territory of Papua New Guinea received self-government.
1975	16 of September	The independent state of Papua New Guinea was proclaimed as part of the Commonwealth, and a constitution was adopted.

Administrative division

Papua New Guinea is divided into 4 regions, and those into 22 provinces.

Regions

Regions of Papua New Guinea Highlands Region Islands Region Momase Region Papua Region

Provinces

Provinces of Papua New Guinea

№	Provinces	Administrative center	Square, km²	Population, people (2011)	Density, person/km²	Region
1		Central		29 561	269 756	9,13	Papua
2		Simbu		6 134	376 473	61,37	highlands
3		Eastern Highlands		11 147	579 825	52,02	highlands
4		Eastern New Britain		15 280	328 369	21,49	Islands
5		East Sepik		43 671	450 530	10,32	Momase
6		Enga	Wabag	11 730	432 045	36,83	highlands
7		gulf	Kerema	34 550	158 197	4,58	Papua
8		Madang		28 970	493 906	17,05	Momase
9		Manus	Lorengau	1 913	60 485	31,62	Islands
10		Milne Bay	Alotau	14 196	276 512	19,48	Papua
11		Morobe		33 762	674 810	19,99	Momase
12		New Ireland		9 581	194 067	20,26	Islands
13		oro		22 608	186 309	8,24	Papua
14		Autonomous Region of Bougainville		9 357	249 358	26,65	Islands
15		Southern Highlands		15 098	510 245	33,80	highlands
16		Western (Fly)		98 115	201 351	2,05	Papua
17		Western Highlands		4 323	362 850	83,93	highlands
18		Western New Britain		20 296	264 264	13,02	Islands
19				35 908	248 411	6,92	Momase
20		National Capital District		240	364 125	1517,19	Papua
21		Hela	Tari	10 500	249 449	23,76	highlands
22		Jivaka	Minyi	4 800	343 987	71,66	highlands
		Total		461 740	7 275 324	15,76

New provinces

On May 17, 2012, two new provinces of Hela and Jivaka were created. They are separate from the provinces of the Southern Highlands and the Western Highlands, respectively.

Population

Girl with a dog on the island of Vagif

Population- 6.1 million (estimated as of July 2010).

population growth- 2.0% (fertility - 3.5 births per woman).

Density- 13 people/km².

fertility- 27 per 1000 people.

Mortality- 6.6 per 1000 people.

infant mortality- 44.6 per 1000 babies.

Life expectancy of men- 63.8 years.

Women's life expectancy- 68.3 years.

Infection with the immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- 1.5% (2007 estimate).

Literacy: 63% for men, 51% for women (according to the 2000 census).

Percentage of urban population - 12 %.

Proportion of population over 65 years old - 3,5 %.

Percentage of population under 15 - 36,9 %.

The last population census was conducted in 2000 (5,190,783 people).

According to the average forecast, the population of the country will be 13 million people by 2100.

Ethno-racial composition - Melanesians, Papuans, Negrito, Micronesians, Polynesians.

Languages ​​- official: Tok Pisin (the most common), English (knows 1%), Hiri Motu (knows 2%). There are over 800 indigenous languages. Country with the largest number languages ​​(about 10% of the total number of languages ​​in the world). One of the explanations is the lack of communication between the peoples living in the valleys, fenced off by mountains.

Religions: Catholics - 27%, Lutherans - 19.5%, United Church of Papua New Guinea - 11.5%, Adventists - 10%, Assemblies of God Pentecostals - 8.6%, Evangelicals - 5.2%, Anglicans - 3.2%, Baptists - 2.5%, other Protestants - 8.9%, Baha'is - 0.3%, Aboriginal and other beliefs - 3.3% (according to the 2000 census).

Cities

Politic system

A constitutional monarchy. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, represented by the Governor General (since February 25, 2011 - Michael Ogio). The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen at the choice of the Parliament of Papua New Guinea.

Parliament - unicameral, 109 seats, of which 89 deputies are elected by the population for 5 years, another 20 are appointed from the provinces.

Represented in Parliament:

• National Alliance - 30 seats;
• Party of Papua New Guinea - 8 seats;
• People's Action - 6 seats;
• Pangu - 5 places;
• People's Democratic Movement - 5 seats;
• United Resources Party - 5 seats;
• People's Progress Party - 5 seats;
• People's National Congress - 5 seats.

In addition, another 12 parties have from 4 to 1 seats in parliament, and 16 deputies are non-partisan. The composition of party factions often changes as deputies change party affiliations. A total of 45 political parties were officially registered in Papua New Guinea ahead of the parliamentary elections in July 2007.

Foreign policy

Papua New Guinea's foreign policy is based on close ties with Australia and other traditional allies, as well as cooperative relations with neighboring countries. Her views on international political and economic issues are generally moderate. Papua New Guinea has diplomatic relations with 56 countries.

Papua New Guinea belongs to a number of regional organizations, including:

• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC);
• Asian Development Bank
• ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) In ASEAN+2 format (Australia and New Zealand) - Papua New Guinea is an observer member of ASEAN;
• East Asia Summit (EAS) - Papua New Guinea emerges as a potential candidate
• East Asia Community (EAC) - Papua New Guinea - Candidate
• Pacific Community Secretariat or Commission for the South Pacific (SPC);
• Pacific Islands Forum (PHOTO);
• Plan of Colombo;
• Commonwealth of Nations;
• Secretariat of the Pacific Community;
• Asia-Pacific Security Cooperation Council (APSC);
• South Pacific Regional Protection Program environment and etc.

Relations with countries

Australia

Relations with Australia strained in 2006 when Prime Minister Michael Somare was accused of aiding the escape of Julian Moti to the Solomon Islands. Moti was wanted in Australia on serious charges of alleged child sex crimes. In retaliation, the Australian government banned Somara from Australia; all negotiations between Canberra and Port Moresby were suspended. Relations thawed in September 2007 and in December 2007 the new Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd met Sir Michael in Bali. Rudd announced, “This relationship has gone through a very difficult period of late. In reality, there was a freezing of contacts between the governments at the ministerial level of the two countries. I don't believe this is a viable option for a future relationship."

Cuba

In the late 2000s, Papua New Guinea began to strengthen its relationship with Cuba. Cuba provides medical assistance to the country. In September 2008, the government of Papua New Guinea hosted the first Cuban-Pacific Islands ministerial meeting in Havana aimed at "strengthening cooperation" between Cuba and the Pacific island countries, in particular in combating the effects of climate change.

Fiji

Start date of relationship: 1976.

As of November 2005, relations with the Pacific Neighbor were tense, as a number of Fiji mercenaries operated illegally on Bougainville, arming and training the militia.

France

Official diplomatic relations were established in 1976. Papua New Guinea is a member of the UN Special Committee on Decolonization. The French government noted that it finds a "moderate" attitude on the issue of decolonization - which, like Papua New Guinea, is in . The French National Assembly maintains friendly relations with Papua New Guinea.

Indonesia

Indonesia shares a 760-kilometer land border with Papua New Guinea, which has kept diplomatic relations tense for decades. Indonesia is represented in Papua New Guinea by an embassy in Port Moresby and a consulate in Vanimo.

People's Republic of China

The Independent State of Papua New Guinea and the People's Republic of China (PRC) established formal diplomatic relations in 1976, shortly after Papua New Guinea's independence. The two countries currently maintain diplomatic, economic and, to a lesser extent, military relations. Relations between the countries are quite warm, China is a major investor, and also provides assistance in the development of Papua New Guinea.

Philippines

In March 2009, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) that will enhance cooperation between the two countries in fisheries development. The MoU will promote technology transfer in aquaculture development, promotion of shipping enterprises, investment, technical training, joint research, and "strategic complement" plans of each country in the "Coral Triangle". In the same year, Papua New Guinea turned to the Philippines for help in facilitating its entry into ASEAN.

Great Britain

Papua New Guinea and Great Britain were under the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. Diplomatic relations with England were established in 1975 when Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia.

USA

The US and Papua New Guinea signed the US-Pacific Islands Multilateral Tuna Fishing Treaty, under which the US pays $63 million a year to the islands and they grant US access to their fishing vessels. The US also supports Papua New Guinea's biodiversity efforts; The International Coral Reef Initiative, which aims to protect reefs in tropical countries such as Papua New Guinea.

Papua New Guinea and the Commonwealth of Nations

Papua New Guinea has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations since 1975 when it gained independence from Australia.

Papua New Guinea is a member of the British Commonwealth, and in other member states of this organization, its embassies are headed by "high commissioners" with the rank of ambassador.

Armed forces

The armed forces of Papua New Guinea are recruited on a voluntary contract basis by males over the age of 16 (with parental consent and after graduating from 12 grades of school), forced conscription is not carried out.

Economy

Papua New Guinea is very rich in natural resources, but their use is difficult due to the conditions of the terrain and the high costs of infrastructure development. Nevertheless, the development of deposits of copper ore, gold and oil provides almost two-thirds of foreign exchange earnings.

GDP per capita in 2009 - 2.4 thousand dollars (124th place in the world).

Industry (37% of GDP) - oil extraction and processing, gold, silver, copper ore mining, copra processing, palm oil production, wood processing, construction.

Agriculture (33% of GDP, 85% of employees) - coffee, cocoa, copra, coconuts, tea, sugar, rubber, sweet potatoes, fruits, vegetables, vanilla; seafood, poultry, pigs.

Service sector - 30% of GDP.

International trade

Export - 5.7 billion dollars in 2008 - oil, gold, copper ore, timber, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, crabs, shrimp.

The main buyers of exports: Australia - 27.2%, - 9.2%, China - 5.1%.

Import - 3.1 billion dollars in 2008 - vehicles, manufactured goods, food, fuel.

The main suppliers of imports: Australia - 42.1%, - 15.5%, China - 10.8%, Japan - 5.7%, - 4.3%.

It is a member of the international organization of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries.

Social sphere

Human rights violations

Claims of world human rights activists are caused by cases of police use of force against children, bullying and sexual abuse of children in police stations. Children affected by police injuries often do not receive medical care. The practice of ritual murders of women suspected of witchcraft persists. According to statistics, two-thirds of women in Papua New Guinea are constantly exposed to domestic violence, half of the women, according to surveys, have experienced forced sex. Witchcraft is prosecuted by law, usually cases of witchcraft are dealt with by village courts, which are deliberately biased against the defendants. This practice is opposed by local human rights activists and the Catholic Church. There have been cases of missing and murders of human rights activists - including those who campaign for women's rights.

Crime

According to the United Nations Program for settlements, the crime rate in the whole country is quite high, which "is one of the most serious problems affecting urban development and governance in Papua New Guinea."

Particularly criminogenic are big cities(for example, Port Moresby, Lae), which is largely due to the presence in these cities of such a social and criminal phenomenon as reskolism.

The death penalty

The death penalty in the country was banned from 1954 to 1991, in 1991 the parliament introduced the death penalty for premeditated murder, but in fact there is a moratorium, not a single death penalty was carried out during this period. However, the murder of a mother of four of her children in 2009 raised the question of lifting the moratorium in society.

witchcraft law

A witchcraft law was passed in Papua New Guinea in 1971. Although he does not claim that sorcerers and witchcraft actually exist, however, the text of this act establishes that people who consider themselves "bewitched" are not responsible for their actions. This provision is used as a mitigating circumstance in court in cases where the alleged sorcerer is killed. Often, women who came from other tribes and had no relatives became victims of lynching in connection with accusations of witchcraft. In February 2013, a 20-year-old girl was lynched in the city. She was accused of killing the boy with the help of witchcraft, after which the relatives of the child burned the suspect alive in front of the crowd. Representatives of the UN condemned the deed. In 2012, a cult of witch hunters was operating in the country, who killed sorcerers of both sexes and ate fragments of their bodies. According to the gang members, spirits helped them to distinguish a sorcerer from an ordinary person. Due to the actions of cannibals, the country's authorities even had to extend the elections taking place in the country, as many residents were afraid to go to the polls.

In April 2013, the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, Peter O'Neill, promised to repeal the witchcraft law in force in the country. In May of the same year, it was reported that this legal act was canceled in the state; in addition, the authorities of the country decided after a break of 60 years to resume the death penalty in an attempt to stem the tide of violent crime.

see also

• Ancient agricultural settlement of Kuka

Notes

1. World Atlas: Maximum detailed information/ Project leaders: A. N. Bushnev, A. P. Pritvorov. - Moscow: AST, 2017. - S. 93. - 96 p. - ISBN 978-5-17-10261-4.
2. Papua New Guinea Population clock (10/18/13).
3. Ageenko F. L. Papua* // Dictionary of Proper Names of the Russian Language. stress. Pronunciation. Inflection. - M .: LLC "Publishing House" World and Education ""; Onyx, 2010. - 880 p. - ISBN 5-94666-588-X, 978-5-94666-588-9.
4. Atlas of the world / comp. and prepare. to the press of PKO "Cartography" in 1982; resp. editors: S. I. Sergeeva, V. M. Antonov. - Correct. in 1991 - M .: State Geodesy of the USSR, 1991. - S. 195, 286.
5. Papua New Guinea // Great Russian Encyclopedia: [in 35 volumes] / ch. ed. Yu. S. Osipov. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004-2017.
6. On July 7, 2013, a change was made to the all-Russian classifier of countries of the world, according to which the name of the country is written without a dash, similar to the English spelling
7. Census - (2011) Geohive
8. Census - (2011) City Population
9. Census - (2011) Png Nso
10. Birds of paradise island. History of Papua New Guinea (Malakhovsky K.V.) (Russian). Geography.su: Geographic atlas for students. - Invasion Part 1. Retrieved February 15, 2010. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
11. Butinov, N. A. Brief historical information// Peoples of Papua New Guinea (From a tribal system to an independent state) / Ed. A. M. Reshetova. - St. Petersburg. : Petersburg Oriental Studies, 2000. - S. 17-20. - 382 p. - ISBN 5-85803-146-3.
12. Birds of paradise island. History of Papua New Guinea (Malakhovsky K.V.) (Russian). Geography.su: Geographic atlas for students. — Colonial Section, Part 2. Retrieved February 15, 2010. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
13. Birds of paradise island. History of Papua New Guinea (Malakhovsky K.V.) (Russian). Geography.su: Geographic atlas for students. - Colonial Section, Part 3. Retrieved February 15, 2010. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
14. Birds of paradise island. History of Papua New Guinea (Malakhovsky K.V.) (Russian). Geography.su: Geographic atlas for students. — Under Australian Dominion, Part 2. Retrieved February 15, 2010. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
15. Birds of paradise island. History of Papua New Guinea (Malakhovsky K.V.) (Russian). Geography.su: Geographic atlas for students. — Under Australian Dominion, Part 5. Retrieved 15 February 2010. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011.
16. History of Papua New Guinea. History of Nations. Retrieved February 15, 2010. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
17. Ingrid Gascoigne. Geography // Papua New Guinea. Cultures of the World Series. - 2. - Marshall Cavendish, 2009. - S. 7.8. - 144 p. - ISBN 9780761434160.
18. ON THE. Butinov. natural conditions// Papuans of New Guinea / S.A. Tokarev. - Moscow: "Nauka", 1968. - S. 13-19. - 254 p.
19. Northern New Guinea montane rain forests (AA0116) . World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
20. Papua New Guinea Geology. Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
21. PAPUA NEW GUINEA. DEPARTMENT OF MINING. INFORMATION BOOKLET 2003. The European Shareholders of Bougainville Copper. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
22. Susan Wacaster. The Mineral Industry of Papua New Guinea // U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook. - 2010.
23. Travis Q. Lyday. The Mineral Industry of Papua New Guinea // U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook. - 1994.
24. Annual report 2007 (unavailable link - story) . Bouginville copper limited. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
25. MINERAL COMMODITY. SUMMARIES 2009 (English) . USGS. Retrieved May 24, 2010. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
26. Misima Gold and Silver Mine, Papua New Guinea. Net Resources International. Retrieved May 29, 2010. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
27. Oil (English) . information and analytical center "MINERAL". Retrieved May 29, 2010. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
28. Cannibal sect disrupts Papua New Guinea elections
29. University of Papua New Guinea The State of the Forests in Papua New Guinea
30. PNG’S new province Hela, Jiwaka declared
31. Wow! (Russian) // Science and life. - 2008. - No. 4. - S. 85. - ISSN 0028-1263.
32. Papua New Guinea in the CIA World Directory. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
33. Roman Mamchits. Battle of Guadalcanal. Double 2 (Russian), Private Correspondent (November 5, 2010). Retrieved November 5, 2010.
34. Safer Port Moresby Initiative
35. In New Guinea, the law against witchcraft is repealed. Retrieved April 13, 2013. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013.
36. Siegel, Matt. Papua New Guinea Moves to Repeal Sorcery Act Dictionaries and encyclopedias

    Big Russian Brockhaus and Efron Military Sytin Small Brockhaus and Efron Small Brockhaus and Efron Britannica (online) Brockhaus

    Regulatory control

    BNE: XX454068 BNF: 10133671v GND: 4044569-0 ISNI: 0000 0001 2296 5717 LCCN: n81034915 NDL: 00569039 NLA: 35408370 LIBRIS: 156257 VIAF: 151781392