Among the many seas of the world (there are more than 50 of them), a special group is made up of the so-called inland seas, to one degree or another surrounded by land. In this group, which in Europe alone includes the White, Baltic, Mediterranean and Marmara Seas, the Black Sea, in terms of isolation from the Ocean, is second only to the Sea of ​​Azov. In fact, it is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Bosphorus Strait, the Sea of ​​Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar. An equally difficult waterway leads from the Black Sea to the Indian Ocean.

Dimensions: The surface area of ​​the Black Sea is 423,000 km, and its water volume is 547,000 km. The greatest depth is 2,212 m. Length coastline The Black Sea, according to recent estimates, reaches 4340 km.

The Bosphorus Strait, or Bosphorus, is, in fact, a narrow channel 31 km long, 35 to 0.7 km wide and 50 m deep. On the opposite side of the Black Sea is Kerch Strait connecting it with the Sea of ​​Azov. The length of this strait is about 45 km, the width is from 3.5 to 42 km and the minimum depth is only 10 m. in the center of the reservoir.

The coastline of the sea forms several bays, peninsulas and capes deeply protruding into the sea. The largest peninsula is the Crimean peninsula, ending in the west with the Tarkhankut peninsula, and in the east with the Kerch peninsula. On the eastern side of the Kerch Strait is the Taman Peninsula. The most protruding capes are: Kaliakra in Bulgaria, Midia in Romania, Bolshoy Fountain, Tarkhankut, Khersones, Methanom and Chauda in Ukraine, Utrish and Myskhako in Russia, Pitsunda in Georgia, Cham, Bafra, Boztepe, Iidzheburun and Oludzhs in Turkey. The largest bays and bays: Burgas and Varna bays in Bulgaria, Mamaia bay in Romania, Odessa, Teidrovsky, Yegorlytsky, Dzharylgachsky, Karkipitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia bays in Ukraine, Novorossiysk and Gelendzhik bays in Russia, Samsunsky and Sinopsky bays in Turkey.

The landscape diversity of the Black Sea coast is very great. There are high mountains and vast valleys, humid areas with subtropical vegetation and arid regions, numerous estuaries, lagoons and river deltas.

The Black Sea is not rich in islands of continental origin. The largest of them, Serpent's Island (in ancient times - Levka, Fidonisi), with an area of ​​1.5 km and a height of up to 40 m above sea level, is located 37 km east of the Chilia branch of the Danube Delta. Another island, Berezan,
with an area of ​​\u200b\u200babout 0.5 km "and a height of up to 20 m, is located 1 km from the mouth of the Berezan estuary. Another island, Kefksn, is located near the coast, 90 km east of the entrance to the Bosphorus. Several very small islands, in fact, rocks , are available in the Burgas Bay.

Sandy islands washed up by currents can reach considerable sizes. These are: Tepdrovsky Island, or Tendrovskaya Spit, about 65 km long and about 30 km in area;

In any sea there are shelves - continuations of the continents under water. These are zones with depths of less than 200-150 m. In the Black Sea, due to the characteristics of its waters, the shelves are the only areas of the bottom inhabited by rich life. The total area of ​​the Black Sea shelf is about 100,000 km, "of which 64,000 km" are located in the northwestern part of the sea, opposite the coasts of Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria. The width of the shelf here reaches 150-180 km in some places. In other areas adjacent to mountainous terrain, the shelf narrows to 10, and in some places - to 2 km.

The central part of the sea - an area with depths of 2000-2212 m - is basically a flat bottom with slight depressions and elevations, covered with a layer of sediments with a thickness of 2 to 15 (!) kilometers. Some researchers consider the Black Sea deep-water basin to be the remnant of the Tethys Sea.

(Characteristics of the Black Sea, the composition of the water in the Black Sea, the Black Sea and Ancient Greece, the rivers flowing into the Black Sea, the bays of the Black Sea, recreation on the Black Sea, plant and animal world Black Sea)
Black Sea located in the middle latitudes, approximately between 41 and 47 degrees north latitude and 28 and 42 degrees east longitude. The northern shores belong to Ukraine, the eastern - to Russia, Georgia and Abkhazia, the southern - to Turkey, the western - to Romania and Bulgaria. For almost 400 km, the Black Sea washes Krasnodar region, beneficially influencing its climate. Through the straits Bosphorus, Dardanelles and through Sea of ​​Marmara Black Sea waters merge with the Mediterranean, and through Kerch Strait With Sea of ​​Azov.

Black Sea known to mankind since ancient times! Over the course of millennia and centuries, it has changed several names. The first Greek navigators called it Pont Aksinsky i.e. inhospitable. However, later the ancient Greeks changed their mind and began to call it Pont Aksinsky, that is, a hospitable sea. In Rus' in the old days Black Sea called Pontic, and Russian by sea.

Scientists explain the modern name in different ways. Some - the Turks called Karadeniz(as a football player of FC Rubin), that is, the inhospitable "Black" Sea, because all the conquerors who came to its shores received a decisive rebuff from the tribes inhabiting it. According to another hypothesis, the name is associated with storms and the fact that water in during a storm, it gets dark in. And there is a third version, which is connected with the fact that metal objects lowered to a great depth of the Black Sea turn black under the influence of hydrogen sulfide.

The ancient Greeks, sailing along the Black Sea coast, saw here the settlements of the Scythians, Taurians, and in the east - the Colchians. By the names of these tribes, the Greeks called the Black Sea coast Kavakaz Colchis, Crimea - Tauris, and the Northern Sea - Scythia.

Bays of the Black Sea

There are few bays in the Black Sea, the largest of them Odessa, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Tamansky and Sinopsky. Coast Krasnodar Territory extremely scarce in some of the bays, with the exception of Gelendzhik and Novorossiysk (bays). Of the bays for receiving ships, the most convenient Tsemesskaya and Gelendzhikskaya.

The Black Sea is poor in islands, the largest - Serpentine(0.17 sq. km). Of the peninsulas, the most significant - Crimean, Kerch and Taman.

Characteristics of the Black Sea

The total area of ​​the Black Sea is 413,488 sq km. The volume of water is 537,000 cubic meters. km. The sea is a deep oblong depression with a rather flat bottom and steep slopes (from 6 to 20 degrees). The greatest depth is 2245 m, the average is 1271 m.

They flow into the Black Sea Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug, Dnieper, Rioni, Chorokh, and within the Krasnodar Territory - over 80 small rivers. Half of the river flow falls on the Danube. The annual flow from land to the Black Sea is 400 cubic meters. km, the same amount evaporates from the surface of the sea. The Black Sea receives 175 cubic meters per year. km of salty Mediterranean water and 66 cu. km of Azov water of low salinity.

Most of all, the Black Sea water contains sodium chloride (77.8% of the total salt content), magnesium chloride (10.9%), calcium sulfate (3.6%). In addition, the Black Sea water contains about 60 more chemical elements: iodine, bromine, silver, radium etc.

The Black Sea is the warmest in our country. Temperature in the Black Sea in winter in the open part + 6..7 degrees of heat, in the south + 8..10, in the northwestern part it often drops to -1 and ice fast ice forms there. In summer, the water temperature averages +24 degrees, near Sochi it can warm up to +28 degrees. At a depth of 50-70 meters the temperature is stable +6-7 degrees.

Surface currents in the Black Sea are weak, their speed usually does not exceed 0.5 m/s. The main causes of surface currents are river runoff and wind.

The ebbs and flows in the Black and Azov Seas are very weakly expressed. Their amplitude is 3-10 cm. Secular changes in sea level - an increase of 20-50 cm in a hundred years.

During storms in the Black Sea, waves up to 10 m high and 150 m long develop. Waves are usually much smaller.

The force of the waves hitting the shore is enormous. In the Sochi region, it reaches 20 tons per 1 sq. km. m.

Flora of the Black Sea quite rich and varied. In coastal waters there are thickets of brown algae - cystoriasis. On sandy and mudflats there are whole underwater fields of sea grass - zosters. Deeper there are extensive thickets of red algae - phyllophora.

Fauna of the Black Sea very diverse, but due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, it is concentrated mainly in the upper 200-meter layer of water. There are sharks in the Black Sea - katrans but they are harmless. Of the large mammals in the Black Sea, there are many dolphins - bottlenose dolphins and gray dolphins, they often swim up to the very shore and swim among vacationers.

Rest on the Black Sea you can choose according to your taste - you can, like 30 years ago with grandmothers on folding beds, or you can in expensive hotels. Almost all cities and towns Black Sea coast Krasnodar Territory are built up with private hotels. The prices in them are cheaper to fly to Turkey. The summer season on the Black Sea begins in mid-May and ends at the end of October. In Sochi, in some years you can swim until mid-November.

Ancient Greece and the Black Sea

Black Sea in ancient times

During the era of the Great Greek colonization on the coast Black Sea many cities were erected, which by the beginning of the 5th century BC. turned into economically stable policies, closely associated with city-states Aegean Greece . The largest of these were Heraclea Pontica and Sinope on the south coast (modern Türkiye), Apollonia and Istria- in the western (respectively, modern Bulgaria and Romania), Olbia, Theodosius, Panticapaeum and Phanagoria- in the north (modern - the first two Ukraine, Phanagoria - Russia, Krasnodar Territory), Dioscurias and Phasis on east coast Black Sea (modern Russia and Georgia (or Abkhazia)).

Materials for abstracts on the Black Sea.

The length of the Black Sea from west to east is 1130 km, the maximum width is 613 km. From the south, the coast of Anatolia (the Asian part of Turkey) protrudes into it in a wide arc, and from the north the Crimean peninsula cuts deep into it. The shores are mountainous almost everywhere, there are few large bays and bays. The largest bays, such as Odessa, Karkinitsky, Tendrovsky, are inscribed in the low steppe shores of the northwestern part of the sea. Some of the bays are fenced off from the sea by wide sandy spits - embankments. The convenient bays of Sevastopol and Balaklava are hidden among the rocks of the Crimean mountains, and on the Taman Peninsula, shallow bays are overgrown with reeds and reeds (floods). bays. A large bay once existed where the Rion, the largest of the rivers of the Caucasian coast, flows into the sea. Later, on the site of the bay, a wide Colchis lowland was formed. And from the south, the Pontic mountains approach the sea. On the wide ledge of Anatolia there are three small peninsulas: the low-lying Bafra and Charshamba, and the mountainous Inje-burun with the Sinop Bay. The name of this bay recalls the victory of the Russian fleet under the command of PS Nakhimov in 1853, during the Crimean War. Less familiar are the names of major ports in Turkey - Zanguldak, Samsun, Trabzon. Giresun, Orda and the rivers Eshil-Irmak, Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak flowing from its territory into the Black Sea. The Thracian Peninsula (the European part of Turkey) has recently been connected to Anatollia by a huge bridge, under which large ocean-going ships pass freely along the Bosporus. To the west of this strait, the spurs of the Balkans approach the Black Sea - and here the mountains. Bulgarian sea roads start from the large ports of Burgas and Varna. Romania is crossed by the Lower Danube lowland going to the sea, along the low coast of which a chain of salt lakes stretches. A convenient bay went only to the port of Constanta. At the northern border of Romania, the Danube Delta is widely spread. That's the entire coastline of the Black Sea, 4090 km. Surrounded on all sides by land, it is one of the inland seas. At the same time, the Black Sea is “assigned” to the Atlantic Ocean basin: it connects with it through the Seas of Marmara and the Mediterranean. Two Great Britain can be placed on the area occupied by the Black Sea (423 thousand square kilometers). The water surface is interrupted only in some places near the coast by small islands, for example, Berezan, located 13 km from Ochakov. Of the few Black Sea islands, Fr. Serpentine (Fndonisi), located 40 km from the Danube Delta.

Black Sea located in the middle latitudes, approximately between 41 and 47 degrees north latitude and 28 and 42 degrees east longitude. The northern shores belong to Ukraine, the eastern - to Russia, Georgia and Abkhazia, the southern - to Turkey, the western - to Romania and Bulgaria. For almost 400 km, the Black Sea washes the Krasnodar Territory, beneficially influencing its climate. Through the straits Bosphorus, Dardanelles and through Sea of ​​Marmara Black Sea waters merge with the Mediterranean, and through Kerch Strait With Sea of ​​Azov.

Black Sea known to mankind since ancient times! Over the course of millennia and centuries, it has changed several names. The first Greek navigators called it Pont Aksinsky i.e. inhospitable. However, later the ancient Greeks changed their mind and began to call it Pont Aksinsky, that is, a hospitable sea. In Rus' in the old days Black Sea called Pontic, and Russian by sea.

Scientists explain the modern name in different ways. Some - the Turks called Karadeniz, that is, the inhospitable "Black" Sea, because all the conquerors who came to its shores received a decisive rebuff from the tribes that inhabited it. According to another hypothesis, the name is associated with storms and the fact that the water darkens during a storm. And there is a third version, which is connected with the fact that metal objects lowered to a great depth of the Black Sea turn black under the influence of hydrogen sulfide.

The ancient Greeks, sailing along the Black Sea coast, saw here the settlements of the Scythians, Taurians, and in the east - the Colchians. By the names of these tribes, the Greeks called the Black Sea coast Kavakaz Colchis, Crimea - Tauris, and the Northern Sea - Scythia.

Bays of the Black Sea

There are few bays in the Black Sea, the largest of them Odessa, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Tamansky and Sinopsky. Of the bays for receiving ships, the most convenient Tsemesskaya and Gelendzhikskaya.

The Black Sea is poor in islands, the largest - Serpentine(0.17 sq. km). Of the peninsulas, the most significant - Crimean, Kerch and Taman.

Characteristics of the Black Sea

The total area of ​​the Black Sea is 413,488 sq km. The volume of water is 537,000 cubic meters. km. The sea is a deep oblong depression with a rather flat bottom and steep slopes (from 6 to 20 degrees). The greatest depth is 2245 m, the average is 1271 m.

They flow into the Black Sea Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug, Dnieper, Rioni, Chorokh, and within the Krasnodar Territory - over 80 small rivers. Half of the river flow falls on the Danube. The annual flow from land to the Black Sea is 400 cubic meters. km, the same amount evaporates from the surface of the sea. The Black Sea receives 175 cubic meters per year. km of salty Mediterranean water and 66 cu. km of Azov water of low salinity.

Most of all, the Black Sea water contains sodium chloride (77.8% of the total salt content), magnesium chloride (10.9%), calcium sulfate (3.6%). In addition, the Black Sea water contains about 60 more chemical elements: iodine, bromine, silver, radium etc.

The Black Sea is the warmest in our country. The temperature in winter in the open part is + 6..7 degrees of heat, in the south + 8..10, in the north-western part it often drops to -1 and ice fast ice forms there. In summer, the water temperature averages +24 degrees, near Sochi it can warm up to +28 degrees. At a depth of 50-70 meters the temperature is stable +6-7 degrees.

Surface currents in the Black Sea are weak, their speed usually does not exceed 0.5 m/s. The main causes of surface currents are river runoff and wind.

The ebbs and flows in the Black and Azov Seas are very weakly expressed. Their amplitude is 3-10 cm. Secular changes in sea level - an increase of 20-50 cm in a hundred years.

During storms in the Black Sea, waves up to 10 m high and 150 m long develop. Waves are usually much smaller.

The force of the waves hitting the shore is enormous. In the Sochi region, it reaches 20 tons per 1 sq. km. m.

Flora of the Black Sea quite rich and varied. In coastal waters there are thickets of brown algae - cystoriasis. On sandy and mudflats there are whole underwater fields of sea grass - zosters. Deeper there are extensive thickets of red algae - phyllophora.

The fauna of the Black Sea is very diverse, but due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, it is concentrated mainly in the upper 200-meter layer of water.

Based on the materials of the books: Korovin V.I. Nature of the Krasnodar Territory. Krasnodar: Book of publishing house, 1979

The Black Sea, connecting through the Bosporus and Dardanelles, as well as the Sea of ​​Marmara and the Mediterranean with the Atlantic Ocean, is of strategic importance for Russia. The coastline was reclaimed by the state, some territories remain the subject of disputes today.

Coast of the Black Sea of ​​Russia

(Coast of the Black Sea with resort towns Russia)

The length of the Russian coastline of the Black Sea today is 1200 km. It starts from the Caucasus Mountains, continues along the coastal strip from Taman to Adler, and includes the Crimean coast.

Its relief is represented by the mountains of the Caucasus and the South Coast, lowlands and estuaries, mainly in the eastern part, as well as steep ledges. In general, the line is slightly indented, there is only one peninsula - Crimea. There are no islands in the Black Sea.

Russia's access to the Black Sea

For the first time, Russia began to claim access to the Black Sea with the appropriation of coastal lands in the 18th century. It was a victorious war with Turkey, the result of which was the conquest of Anapa and Crimean peninsula. After that, at the beginning of the 19th century, the settlement of the conquered lands by the Slavs began.

Crimea was given to Ukraine immediately after the collapse of the USSR, but in 2014 the entire peninsula, including the Crimean coast of the Black Sea, became part of Russia again, and is the subject of disputes with Ukraine and the Western world.

Characteristics of the Black Sea

Depth: maximum 2210 m

Average water temperature (Black Sea coast, Russia): Winter 7.7 °C, Summer 19 - 24 °C

Coasts: pebbles, gravel, sand and steep stone banks

Climate: mostly continental, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Tuapse have a milder subtropical climate

The location of the coastline of the Russian Black Sea coast and landscape features led to the formation of three climatic zones at once:

• humid subtropical;
• mediterranean;
• moderate marine.

The underwater world of the Black Sea is represented by dolphins and a variety of sharks - katrans. The latter do not pose a danger to people. Among the commercial fish found in coastal waters, it is worth noting the flounder, goby and mullet.

Cities on the Black Sea in Russia

(Sandy shores of Anapa)

Most of the cities of the Black Sea coast of Russia have the status of resorts due to the presence of appropriate resources and climatic conditions on the territory.

Anapa. The westernmost settlement among the cities of the mainland of the Russian Black Sea coast. At one time, the capture of the Anapa fortress allowed the Russian government to exercise control over the Black Sea. Today, it is a resort town.

Novorossiysk. The city does not have the status of a resort, despite the annual number of tourists. Locality surrounded on all sides by the mountains of the Caucasus Range, but low. The surroundings of Gelendzhik are characterized by the same relief. The height of the mountains in the Gelendzhik region is greater.

Tuapse. It is the starting point of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. The resort is surrounded by high mountains.

Sochi. The largest and most equipped resort Russian Federation. Known all over the world. The length of the coast of Greater Sochi is more than 100 km.

Kerch. The easternmost point of the Crimean coast. The city is located at the junction of the Black and Sea of ​​Azov. In Kerch there is a ferry connecting the peninsula with the mainland of Russia.

(Stone coast of the Crimean peninsula)

Yalta. World famous resort city with a mild climate. It is located in an environment of high Crimean mountains.

Sevastopol. A city with federal status. The Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy is based in its bays. The city does not have the status of a resort, its infrastructure is designed to serve the base of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation.

Evpatoria. Most Big City from the western side of the Crimean coast. It is a health resort. There are many children's recreation centers and hospitals. This is a recognized balneological resort.