Do you want to overcome your fear of flying? The best way is to learn more about how the plane flies, how fast it moves, and how high it rises. People are afraid of the unknown, and when the issue is studied and considered, then everything becomes simple and understandable. So be sure to read about how an airplane flies this is the first step in the fight against aerophobia.

If you look at the wing, you will see that it is not flat. Its lower surface is smooth, while the upper one has a convex shape. Due to this, as the aircraft speed increases, the air pressure on the wing changes. At the bottom of the wing, the flow velocity is less, so the pressure is greater. From above, the flow velocity is greater, and the pressure is less. It is due to this pressure drop that the wing pulls the plane up. This difference between lower and upper pressure is called wing lift. In fact, during acceleration, the aircraft pushes up when a certain speed is reached(pressure difference).

Air flows around the wing at different speeds, pushing the plane up

This principle was discovered and formulated by the founder of aerodynamics Nikolai Zhukovsky back in 1904, and already 10 years later it was successfully applied during the first flights and tests. The area, wing shape and flight speed are calculated in such a way that multi-ton aircraft can be lifted into the air without problems. Most modern airliners fly at speeds from 180 to 260 kilometers per hour - this is quite enough for confident keeping in the air.

At what height do planes fly?

Do you understand why planes fly? Now we will tell you about the height at which they fly.Passenger aircraft "occupied" the corridor from 5 to 12 thousand meters. Large passenger liners usually fly at an altitude of 9-12 thousand, smaller ones - 5-8 thousand meters. This altitude is optimal for the movement of aircraft: at this altitude, air resistance decreases by 5-7 times, but there is still enough oxygen for the normal operation of the engines. Above 12,000, the plane begins to fail - rarefied air does not create normal lift, and there is also an acute shortage of oxygen for combustion (engine power drops). The ceiling for many liners is 12,200 meters.

Note:an airplane flying at an altitude of 10,000 meters saves about 80% of fuel compared to flying at an altitude of 1,000 meters.

What is the speed of the aircraft during takeoff

Let's consider, how does a plane take off . Gaining a certain speed, it breaks away from the ground. At this moment, the airliner is the most uncontrollable, so the runways are made with a significant margin in length. The take-off speed depends on the mass and shape of the aircraft, as well as on the configuration of its wings. For example, we will give tabular values ​​​​for the most popular types of aircraft:

1. Boeing 747 -270 km/h.
2. Airbus A 380 - 267 km / h.
3. IL 96 - 255 km / h.
4. Boeing 737 - 220 km / h.
5. Yak-40 -180 km/h.
6. Tu 154 - 215 km / h.

On average, the separation speed of most modern liners is 230-250 km/h. But it is not constant - it all depends on the wind acceleration, the mass of the aircraft, the runway, the weather and other factors (the values ​​\u200b\u200bmay differ by 10-15 km / h in one direction or another). But to the question: at what speed does the plane take off you can answer - 250 kilometers per hour, and you can't go wrong.

Different types of aircraft take off at different speeds.

At what speed does the plane land

Landing speed, as well as takeoff speed, can vary greatly depending on aircraft models, wing area, weight, wind and other factors. On average, it varies from 220 to 250 kilometers per hour.

Some people don't fly planes just because they've never done it. This is not a fear of danger, not a fear of heights, but simply a panic in front of something unknown. And many do not understand what pleasure they are depriving themselves of, because flying is very pleasant and interesting, and most importantly - fast. And in many cases, this is the only way to get to the right place. Do not neglect technological progress, because horses and carriages, weeks and months of travel are already far in the past.

Personally, at first it was not the planes that scared me, but the airport. How to get into it, where to run, how not to confuse anything, and in general ... Let's imagine that you are at the airport for the first time. The procedure will be approximately the same, except that the inspection and passport control in some cases change places.

First time at the airport

What time do you need to arrive? Check-in for the flight starts two hours before departure. Why so early? Need to get through a large number of time-consuming procedures. You can arrive even earlier just in case. But it is better not later, especially if you are flying for the first time.

Entrance

In our country, unlike many others, anti-terrorist security has been strengthened. Therefore, try to plan the time that you will spend on ... to go inside the airport. Often there are queues. You will already be examined there and your things will be scanned, even if you just came as an escort. You can go back, but you can only get back to the airport through security again.

Scoreboard and registration area

The board of departure and arrival is, perhaps, the most romantic object at the airport, and even more than once sung. The board indicates the number, destination, time of departure of the flight. Be sure to check your flight number. Once we almost got confused with flights - which departed with a difference of 15 minutes.

Sometimes several flights can depart at the same time, keep an eye out too. Another confusion is that airlines often send codeshare flights. Do not be guided by the name of the airline, and even sometimes time is not an indicator. Direction and number are what you need to see. Also, the scoreboard indicates which check-in counter you need to go to and in what state the registration is: is it open or, God forbid, has ended. Check-in for the flight, as I said, starts 2 hours before departure and ends 40 minutes before it.

Preparing luggage

I did not find any useful information about the preparation of luggage on any "good" portal.

Usually, “smart” life hackers write about prohibited items and the weight of luggage somewhere in paragraphs about inspection, not taking into account the fact that we part with luggage much earlier, and this implies a completely different sequence of actions.

Baggage flies separately from you

You can fly without luggage, and put all things in your hand luggage, if the airline allows it. This is what I usually do, it significantly speeds up the parting with the airport upon arrival. In this case, your suitcase or backpack must fit certain dimensions and not exceed the weight limit.

Oversized and oversized baggage

Dimensional - suitable for standard sizes. Speaking in Russian, a standard suitcase or bag. Oversized is suitable for weight, but not for size, and is issued separately. By the way, oversized luggage is most often lost.

If you are concerned about this topic, then feel free to go to the airline's website and check what they can and cannot do. No other way. Because different airlines treat baggage differently. It is clear that items such as a guitar, a huge box or a plasma TV can hardly be called bulky luggage. You will not be asked for separate money for oversized baggage.

Extra bed

You can buy additional luggage space, it costs some money. But no one canceled cheating, for example, Aeroflot's gold card allows you to carry two luggage for free at the same time, well, in principle, such a card is true and envy.

Package

Suitcases are usually thrown onto the plane in a rather barbaric way, so if you want to extend the life of your traveling friend, you can pack it for a fee. The luggage is wrapped with a special film by specially trained people in special places. Finding them is easy.

If you are carrying something valuable, it is advisable to wrap your luggage. At the airport, there are usually several packages with different prices. Naturally, the most expensive are located closest to the main entrance. You will be wrapped for about 700 rubles, or 10–15 EUR. In addition to official packers, there are also "spider-men" who will offer the same service 2-3 times cheaper. Wander around the airport for a while, looking meaningfully at the packing houses, and these enterprising sly ones will find you themselves.

overweight

If you have (horror!) an advantage, then prepare the money. Oh, and time to decorate. additional baggage and the overweight will take 20 to 40 minutes for sure.

Your baggage must pass in terms of dimensions and weight, as I said, permissible in a particular airline, and it is also advisable to put everything that cannot be taken on board, that is, liquids, aerosols, and sharp objects.

Feel yourself. Money, passport, other documents and a boarding pass must be literally glued to you. In no case do not leave money in your luggage (there are such cases), and without a passport you, in principle, will not fly far. It is best to store such necessary items in a small bag or pocket, in general, with you.

Registration

You can check in for a flight from home in advance. This gives certain advantages. For example, you can choose best places in airplane.

Registration is elementary, Watson. When registering for a regular flight, they usually do not ask for anything but a passport: the employees already have all the data, because Big Brother has been watching you for a long time ... The only time the Spaniards asked for a printout of my electronic ticket, because in their database my name was spelled with the wrong letter. But this is more the exception than the rule. At check-in, you temporarily say goodbye to your luggage. Luggage is put on the belt and weighed. After all this, you are issued a boarding pass indicating your gate (exit), your seat on the plane and a tag for baggage claim. Never lose your boarding pass. Now he is your king and god.

You may be asked what you take on the plane. The items you carry on board are referred to as carry-on baggage. Here's what shouldn't be in hand luggage:

• Liquids. Some people think that you can’t carry anything liquid on board, but this is not so. Up to 100 milliliters of any liquid substance can be safely carried with you.
• Sharp, piercing and cutting objects. If you have scissors, corkscrews and knives in your hand luggage, then most likely you will be asked to part with them at the inspection. Learn about diabetics. Syringes are available. But in the presence of (quote) "certificate from a doctor in free form."
• Aerosols. All varnishes, sprays and sprays must fly in the luggage compartment.

Hand luggage can weigh up to 10 kilograms. The size requirements for all airlines are approximately the same. There are even special suitcases that fit the dimensions of hand luggage. In fact, if you're on a scheduled flight, you can carry just about anything on board. Once we were carrying a huge basket, a giant hoop the size of a hula hoop, and… straw sheaves. They were light, but voluminous, we could hardly see behind them. However, Aeroflot employees were loyal to the sheaves, even wishing us a good event.

In addition to a special suitcase, you can take a fairly large bag or backpack on board. Since we carry a lot of props on business trips, all personal items are usually placed in a small handbag.

Inspection

You can lose a lot of time during the inspection, as there will be people rushing not only to your flight. You take a special tray and put everything on it: hand luggage, things, gadgets, a laptop (in Europe they ask you to take it out of your bag and call it a laptop, for a minute!), all metal objects and shoes, if it is on thick soles or heels. Here it is easy to part with liquids or aerosols if their volume exceeds the norm. For example, you are trying to smuggle a liter of shampoo - most likely it will be confiscated. Creams, gels, toxic substances, sharp objects - tell them "adyos" if you haven't transferred them to your suitcase. So we parted ways with Enterosgel at Heathrow Airport, it was very strict there.

This whole story is connected, again, with anti-terrorist security, such rules were introduced in 2007. On board (again) - no more than 100 milliliters of liquid in total, that is, you can take with you a small cream, a cold spray, a perfume probe and liquid for lenses, in general, a bunch of liquids, but the main thing is that there should not be any in total more than a hundred ml. Yes, and it is desirable to forget about jokes about drugs and weapons. They don't understand jokes at the airport.

If you don’t want to waste a lot of time and make yourself nervous, as well as embarrass the aunts with sad faces and scanners in their hands, then in principle you should not hang on yourself all the iron jewelry left over from the gypsy grandmother, belts with massive buckles and put shoes on thick soles or heels: they will undress and undress as if there is nothing to do. And this, you see, is not the most pleasant procedure. By the way, here is a link to a wildly funny video, where a friend did not understand what they wanted from him, and scanned along with his luggage.

Passport control

Keep your passport and boarding pass with you, preferably in your hand. It is also better to avoid stupid jokes at passport control. Taking pictures of the passport control area is prohibited. Therefore, if something suddenly seemed funny to you (for example, your own face and you got drunk on yourself), you will be asked to delete the photos.

The official in the booth may ask questions. For example, about the purpose of the trip. Will leaf through your passport in search of visas and stamps. I was remarked several times that, they say, I don’t look at the border guard all the time, but pick my phone (it’s better not to be distracted from this important process by anything else), and about the fact that the passport was stained (yes, I once dropped it in Kuru in , and several seals blurred). Yes, you just might not like it. By the way, if you have a biometric passport or visa, you may be asked to put your finger on the infrared reader.

The waiting area

When re-reading my own text, I quickly replaced the word “desirable” with “mandatory”. You absolutely must immediately find your gate (exit). Sometimes it's not easy. Sometimes special trains run between gates, as in Madrid Barajas or London Heathrow. Sometimes they write terrible numbers: how long to go to the exits. Sometimes it is the number 15, that is, minutes. But exhale: this has never happened at Russian airports. Your ticket will show the exit number and the boarding time, i.e. the start time of boarding. It’s better not to go far from sin away from the desired exit, otherwise you can miss important information. The exit may change, the flight may be delayed, but you never know what else. Control the situation.

There is usually something in the waiting area. For example, Duty Free. What is "Duty free" does not need to be explained to the Russian tourist, who usually begins to prepare for a vacation, drinking alcohol from this shiny, delicious smelling and shining market. The belief that it is cheaper in Duty Free is just a belief. For example, alcohol and snacks are often more expensive than in supermarkets, cigarettes are sold only in blocks, cosmetics correspond to the market value. However, what should not be doubted is the quality of the products. It is better to buy good perfume, professional cosmetics, gift packages of sweets in Duty Free. By the way, when buying, you will be asked to present your boarding card, so do not take it far away.

And, of course, there are all sorts of cafes in the waiting area. Unless you're in Berlin's Tegel, for example, which is more like an Ikea packing place. It's not a cheap pleasure to eat there, but I usually take water from the machine. The air in the plane is dry and you want to drink. Anything purchased in this area is eligible to be carried on board.

boarding the plane

Depending on the airport, your route from the gate to the board may be as follows:

• telescopic ladder,
• bus,
• on foot.

If the airport is small, then you can walk, usually a short distance. Buses sometimes have to wait, they are hot and crowded. Ideally, if you are walking along a telescopic ladder - this is such an air bridge from the airport to the plane.

If you have a lot of carry-on luggage, it is better to get in line at the gate early in order to have time to grab the luggage racks. Sometimes there may not be empty seats next to you, so you will have to look for an empty shelf away from your chair. In smart airports, there is a division into groups so that queues at the gate are not created. In this case, your group number is also indicated on boarding pass. But personally, I like to wait until the last minute: I jump on the gate when the majority of people have already boarded the plane.

First time on a plane

And now you are so happy sitting on the plane and, perhaps, shaking with fear that this colossus is about to soar into the air. It won't happen instantly. For a while you will be packing. For some time the crew will be preparing. Then beautiful flight attendants will start showing you how and what to do in an emergency. At this time, the aircraft will begin to move towards the runway. Before, I always loved the moment of takeoff, when the iron bird accelerates so that it presses you into a chair, and then takes off from the ground, but now I often fall asleep even before takeoff. Most importantly, if you're scared, take a comfortable position. Good luck if you have a pillow under your head, because external comfort and internal comfort are inseparable.

Places

When it comes to seats inside an aircraft, there is a simple law: the closer you are to your head, the less you will be shaken by turbulence. Turbulence, or turbulence, is the vibrations of an aircraft caused by the eddy currents of the wind, descending and outgoing. It's not scary. The usual turbulence that occurs when flying through some types of clouds is not dangerous in any way. The aircraft is designed to withstand the resulting overload. In general, when the plane shakes, this is not a technical breakdown, and the pilot has not gone crazy, this is just a temporary phenomenon that needs to be accepted and forgiven. And do not set yourself up for horror: I flew many times in such a way that I did not shake at all. Since there is less shaking at the beginning of the plane, the business class is located there.

As for "at the window or not at the window", here the moment is moot. If you have never flown before, then it may seem to you that a fascinating picture in the porthole is going on throughout the entire flight. However, it is not. The most interesting thing is takeoff and landing, when you see the city turned into a toy. And then the plane gains altitude and rises above the clouds. Behind the window there will be monotonous blinding white clouds if you fly during the day, or endless darkness if at night. If you are not a big fan of sticking your forehead into the wall and snoring, then there is no need for a window. There is nothing wrong with choosing an aisle seat - it is convenient to go to the toilet without stepping over sleeping neighbors.

Great if you are flying in a half-empty plane. After takeoff, when it is allowed to wander around the cabin, look into the tail section: there may be three free seats. I call it "platzkart". You can stretch out on them, cover yourself with a blanket and sleep. No one will say a bad word to you - it's checked.

A special chic at check-in is to get seats at the emergency exit. Ask, and they will give if they are still free. In most aircraft, the distance to the next seat is very far, and the table is pulled out of the armrest. Of course, you will have a great responsibility - to save passengers in case of an emergency evacuation, since you will be the very first to exit there. But then you can stretch your legs and go crazy.

Food

It all depends, of course, on the airline and the features of the flight. If you have the option to check in in advance, you may also have been asked to select a menu. Major international airlines offer a special menu: kosher or vegetarian. I have not tried to order the menu in advance, but I know that this is possible.

I once took a vegetarian lunch aboard British Airways. The salad with quinoa, avocado and tofu was much tastier than the usual lunch, which included a stale bun with mayonnaise. However, in any case, do not expect culinary delights from the economy class. Unfortunately, I did not have a chance to fly in business class, but the insiders know that it is delicious there, especially if it is Aeroflot. Fortunately, the latter are tasty even in the economy, sometimes there was also a red fish.

The funniest airplane meal of my life was hosted by Lufthansa's German subsidiary, Air Berlin. Unfortunately, they stopped flying from Moscow. For the rest of my life I remember a wonderful dry ration, consisting of very spicy chips and a glass of juice. And Air Moldova had the worst lunch: some kind of vague sandwich.

If you fly during the day or in the evening, the chances of eating better are much greater: at night and early in the morning, you can count on a bun to the maximum. Of course, a lot depends on the flight time. The usual proportion is the longer the flight, the more food will be given. In any case, airplane food does not claim to be something incredible, so if you have the opportunity to take something on a plane, take it. There are usually no complaints about chocolate and cookies.

And, of course, it is worth saying that at the height we eat and drink in a completely different way than on earth, the food seems to be tastier. By the way, there is a whole stereotype that most often they drink tomato juice on an airplane. Like, it seems to us tastier than on earth, and better quenches thirst. On the plane, you want to drink constantly, because, I repeat, the air in the cabin is very dry. In addition, hearty tomato juice has a richer taste, which we like. It is better to always stock up on a bottle of water, most importantly, not before the inspection area, but after: you can bring water bought in the waiting area on board. As for alcohol, almost all international flights carry wine, champagne, and beer. Flight attendants may simply not offer you this. But if there is an acute desire to get drunk, ask, and they will organize a jar of good beer for you - tested by British Airways.

Takeoff and landing

If your plane has taken off and everything went well, you can relax until the moment of landing. According to statistics, 90% of aircraft malfunctions occur during takeoff and landing. That is why the singer Elka longs for the pilot to "take off well and land extremely successfully." During takeoff and landing, you are asked to fasten your seat belts, bring the seat to an upright position, remove the tables and open the curtains. All this is done so that in an emergency there are fewer obstacles to the implementation of the rescue program.

When an acquaintance flew with me for the first time, he really did not like the maneuvers of the aircraft when the board turns and turns out to be one wing lower and the other higher. If you saw this and got scared, know that nothing terrible is happening at this moment, just the plane is turning.

If you are flying to a resort, then most likely you will begin to descend directly over the blue of the waters. Again, panic in this case is unnecessary, the airports of the resorts are really located right on the coast. The land will appear, don't worry!

Some believe that the softness of the landing depends on the airline or the type of aircraft. Nothing like that, everything is driven by the pilot, or rather by the pilots, since usually the control is divided equally between them. Best of all, I was put in Montenegrin by the unloved, ruined and in every way infamous Kogalymavia airline, when they had a contract with the TUI operator.

Important detail: calculate the time correctly. As soon as the plane lands, for some time it will go along the takeoff, circling around the airport until it stops. It will be some time before they let you off the plane. Another half an hour (or more) will take passport control for international flight and baggage claim on any. Therefore, you should not order a taxi by the time of arrival.

Do not immediately jump up and run from the plane. You can't even get up. For a while you will wait for the "doors to new country».

At the airport of the destination country

Next, you will find almost everything the same as upon departure: a gangway or a bus, passport control and baggage claim. Get in line where it says All Passports, and you will be stamped (finally!) With the name of the airport. Next, we follow the arrows to the luggage, which has probably already missed you just as much as you miss it. Above the baggage carousel, they usually write the flight number and where the plane came from, so it's hard to make a mistake. In addition, it is very rare that two or more planes arrive at the same time, so you are probably in the place where the most people are standing. If the airport is already very large, then there is a scoreboard that indicates where to look for luggage.

If the tape has already scrolled a hundred and fifty times, and your suitcase has not appeared, and even all the passengers have left, then something is wrong here. Then you go to the representatives of your airline with a boarding stub (it is on it that the tag with your baggage number is on it) and most likely everything is resolved safely. Well, then you, stamped, bagged and happy, can head to the exit (follow the arrows) and start conquering new lands!

I hope you have been able to learn something new about air travel and are now looking forward to the moment when the flight attendant announces that your plane is ready to take off.

We continue to tear the veils from the secrets civil aviation. Today we will dispel the fears of air passengers from the take-off of a modern airliner.

I was inspired to write an opus now by one of the readers, who sent links to a couple of takeoffs from Kurumoch Airport (Samara), filmed by curious passengers from the cabin.

These videos have attracted comments. Well, here they are:

Comments on it:

And comments

Both cases are united by one sign - the pilots "immediately went to take off!"

Nightmare, isn't it?!

Let's find out!

Experienced passengers probably remember the ritual that is repeated in almost every takeoff of a Soviet airliner - the plane stops at the beginning of the runway, then stops for a while - the pilots let the passengers pray .. but why hide - they themselves "prayed" at that time - that's what they jokingly call reading the checklist. After that, the engines abruptly begin to roar strongly, the plane trembles, the passengers cross themselves ... the pilot releases the brakes and an unknown force begins to press the hushed passengers into their seats. Everything is shaking, the shelves open, something falls on the conductors...

And suddenly, quite by accident, of course, the plane takes off. It gets a little quieter, you can take a breath ... But suddenly the plane starts to fall down!

At the last moment, the pilots, as a rule, "level the liner", after that the turbines "turn off" a couple of times in the climb, and then everything becomes normal. Stewardesses with stone faces carry juices, water, for those who prayed badly - an oxygen mask. And then the main thing begins, for the sake of which passengers fly - they deliver food.

Missed nothing? It seems that I read such reviews about flights more than once on non-core forums.

Let's figure it out.

Right away, let's dot the e about the stop of the liner on the runway before takeoff. What should pilots do anyway - stop or not?

The answer is - and so and so right. Modern takeoff technique recommends NOT stopping on a runway unless there is a good reason for doing so. Under such reasons may be hidden:

a) The dispatcher is still thinking whether to let you out or hold you a little longer
b) The strip has a limited length.

On point A, I think everything is clear.

Regarding point B, I will say the following - if the runway (strip) is really very short, and the plane is loaded so that only the mass passes for this length - in this case it makes sense to save a few tens of meters and bring the engine to an increased mode, keeping the plane on the brakes . Or the runway is just, well, very unusually short, even if the plane is light. In this case, the pilot will also do this "just in case".

For example, we use such a takeoff in Chambery. There, the runway is only two kilometers, and there are mountains ahead. I want to get off the ground as quickly as possible and rush higher. And usually the mass there is close to the maximum possible for take-off conditions.

In the overwhelming majority of cases, if the dispatcher allowed us to take off at the same time as the runway was taken, we will not stop. We will taxi to the center line (and, perhaps, with acceleration), we will make sure that the aircraft is in a stable rectilinear movement, and after that we will “let it go”.

Stop!

How about "pray"? After all, it is written above about a certain "map of control checks!"

On B737, it is customary to read it out before obtaining permission to occupy the lane. And certainly before obtaining permission to take off. So when I get clearance to take off at the same time as clearance to enter the runway, I am ready to take off and I am not in any hurry, as it may seem to the passenger in the cabin. I have everything ready.

So why do it anyway? Why not stand up?

Obvious pluses - increase in throughput of the airport. The less time each individual aircraft occupies the runway, the more takeoff and landing operations can be performed from it.

The second is fuel economy.

The third is safety. Strange as it sounds, it reduces the risk of foreign objects (into the engine) and engine surge (read "failure") when taking off with a strong tailwind.

Here is what Mr. Boeing writes about this:

Yes, the documents of foreign cars are written in English. Do you want to become a pilot? Learn English!

And also Chinese. Neighbor is developing too fast.

We fly further.

Why do pilots turn their nose up so sharply after takeoff? Here, on Soviet technology, they did it smoothly, slowly ... After all, the hour is not even, they will drop what for!

There is naked aerodynamics and a take-off technique. Foreign cars, as a rule, take off with a very small angle of deflection of the wing mechanization (those funny things that especially get out of the wing on landing, and a little on takeoff). This provides many benefits:

a) Increasing angle of set
b) consequence from point A: the noise on the ground is reduced,
c) and further - the chances of not flying into obstacles in the event of an engine failure increase

Yes, modern airliners have such powerful engines that all the normalized climb gradients are achieved even with reduced thrust (it will still be enough if the engine is lost), but in some situations Mr. Boeing strongly recommends taking off at the maximum possible thrust. If the plane is light - it turns out just a cool attraction "Rocket".

Yes, this creates some discomfort for passengers (who like to fly with their legs up) - but it is absolutely safe and will not last very long.

"Almost fell after takeoff"

Above, I wrote that the plane after takeoff suddenly "begins to fall down!" This was especially well felt on the Tu-154, which took off with a straining attitude with a rather large flap angle, and then gradually removed them to the zero position. When the flaps are retracted, the aircraft loses part of the increase in lift (if you remove it too quickly, you can actually lose altitude - this is true, but for this you need to be a completely inept pilot, and both pilots must be inept), so it seems in the cabin, that the plane began to fall.

In fact, he can continue to climb at this time. It's just that the angle becomes flatter and at this transitional moment it seems to a person that he is flying down. This is how man is already made.

"The turbines were turned off a couple of times"

Oh, this is the most frequent incident in the stories of passengers! Only "the pilot only got to the airfield on the fifth attempt" can compete with this. This was most typical for the Tu-154 and Tu-134, that is, on aircraft with engines located far in the tail - they are almost inaudible in the cabin, unless they are operating at an increased mode.

The noise is just the same and a snag. Everything is primitive to disgrace. In climb, the engines operate at a very high rate. The higher the engine operating mode, the louder it is heard. But sometimes we, the pilots, have to obey the dispatcher's commands and stop climbing - for example, in order to pass (at a safe distance, of course) with another aircraft. We smoothly transfer the aircraft to level flight, and in order not to turn into a supersonic airliner (after all, engines operating in the set mode create a very large thrust), we have to clean up the mode. The cabin is much quieter.

It seems to be everything.

Thank you for your attention!

The plane picks up speed gradually. The take-off phase lasts a long period of time and begins with the process of movement on the runway. There are several types of takeoff and speed gain.

How is the takeoff

The aerodynamics of an airliner is provided by a special wing configuration, which is almost the same for all aircraft. The lower part of the wing profile is always flat, while the upper part is convex, regardless of the type of aircraft.

The air passing under the wing does not change its properties. At the same time, the air flow passing through the convex upper part of the wing narrows. Thus, less air passes through the top of the wing. Therefore, in order for the same air flow to pass per unit of time, it is necessary to increase the speed of its movement.

As a result, there is a difference in air pressure in the lower and upper parts of the wing of an airliner. This is explained by Bernoulli's law: an increase in the speed of air flow leads to a decrease in its pressure.

Lift is generated from the difference in pressure. Its action seems to push the wing up, and with it the entire aircraft. The aircraft lifts off the ground at the point in time when the lift force exceeds the weight of the airliner. This is achieved by accelerating (increasing the speed of the aircraft leads to an increase in lift).

Interesting. Level flight is achieved when the lift force is equal to the weight of the airliner.

Thus, at what speed the aircraft will take off from the ground depends on the lift force, the value of which is determined primarily by the mass of the airliner. The thrust force of an aircraft engine provides the speed required to increase lift and take off an airliner.

A helicopter flies according to the same principle of aerodynamics. Outwardly, it seems that the propeller of a helicopter and the wing of an aircraft have little in common, however, each propeller blade has the same configuration, providing a difference in airflow pressure.

takeoff speed

In order for a passenger aircraft to take off from the ground, it is necessary to develop a take-off speed that can provide an increase in lift. The greater the weight of an airliner, the greater the acceleration required for the aircraft to take off. What is the speed of the aircraft during takeoff - it depends on the weight of the aircraft.

So, the Boeing 737 will take off the ground only at the moment when the speed on the runway reaches 220 km/h.

The 747th Boeing model has a large mass, which means that it is necessary to develop a high speed for takeoff. The speed of the aircraft of this model during takeoff is 270 km / h.

Planes of the Yak 40 model accelerate to 180 km/h to break away from the runway. This is due to the lower weight of the aircraft compared to the Boeing 737 and 747.

Takeoff types

Several factors influence the takeoff of an aircraft:

• weather;
• runway length (runway);
• runway coverage.

The weather conditions that are taken into account during takeoff of the aircraft include wind speed and direction, air humidity and the presence of precipitation.

In total, there are 4 types of takeoff:

• with brakes;
• classic set of speed;
• takeoff with the help of additional means;
• vertical climb.

The first overclocking option involves achieving the required traction mode. To this end, the airliner stands on the brakes while the engines are running, and is released only when the required mode is reached. This take-off method is used in case of insufficient length of the runway.

The classic takeoff method involves a gradual increase in thrust as the aircraft moves along the runway.

Classic runway takeoff

Auxiliary means are special springboards. Ski-jump take-off is practiced on military aircraft taking off from an aircraft carrier. The use of a springboard helps to compensate for the lack of sufficient runway length.

Vertical takeoff is carried out only with special engines. Thanks to vertical thrust, takeoff is similar to that of a helicopter. Having taken off the ground, such an aircraft smoothly turns into horizontal flight. A striking example of vertical takeoff aircraft is the Yak-38.

Boeing 737 takeoff

To understand exactly how an airplane takes off and picks up speed, consider a specific example. For all passenger jet aircraft, the take-off and climb pattern is the same. The difference lies only in reaching the required speed of the take-off aircraft, which is determined by the weight of the airliner.

Before the aircraft starts to move, it is necessary that the engine reaches the required operating mode. For a Boeing 737, this value is 800 rpm. When this mark is reached, the pilot releases the brake. The aircraft takes a takeoff run on three wheels, the control stick is in the neutral position.

To get off the ground, the aircraft of this model must first pick up a speed of 180 km / h. At this speed, it is possible to raise the nose of the aircraft, then the aircraft accelerates on two wheels. To do this, the pilot smoothly lowers the control down, as a result, the flaps are deflected, and the bow rises up. In this position, the aircraft continues to accelerate, moving along the runway. The airliner will lift off the ground when the acceleration reaches 220 km / h.

It should be understood that this is an average speed value. With a headwind, the speed is less, as the wind makes it easier for the airliner to take off from the ground, further increasing lift.

Acceleration of the aircraft becomes more difficult with high humidity and the presence of precipitation. In this case, the takeoff speed must be faster for the aircraft to take off.

Important! The decision on what speed can be considered sufficient for climbing is made by the pilot, having assessed the weather conditions and the features of the runway.

Airspeed

The flight speed of the aircraft depends on the model and design features. Usually the maximum possible speed is indicated, but in practice such figures are rarely achieved and aircraft fly at cruising speed, which, as a rule, is about 80% of the maximum value.

For example, speed passenger aircraft Airbus A380 is 1020 km / h, this value is indicated in technical specifications aircraft and is the maximum possible flight speed. The flight is carried out at cruising speed, which for this aircraft model is about 900 km / h.

Boeing 747 is designed to fly at a speed of 988 km / h, but flights are made at cruising speed, which varies between 890-910 km / h.

Interesting. Boeing is developing the world's fastest passenger airliner, with a top speed of 5,000 km/h.

How does the plane land

The most crucial moments during the flight are the takeoff and landing of the airliner. Movement in the sky is usually provided by the autopilot, while landing and takeoff are handled by the pilots.

Landing is what most excites passengers, as this process is accompanied by a frightening sensation when descending, and then a jolt when the airliner lands on the runway.

Often, when asking how the flight went, you can get the answer that the landing was soft. It is a soft landing that is considered an indicator of the skill of the pilot.

Landing preparations begin in the air, at a height of 25 m above the threshold of the runway for large aircraft, and 9 m for small aircraft. Until the moment when the aircraft is landing, the vertical rate of descent and the lifting speed of the wing are reduced. Decreasing speed causes a reduction in lift, allowing the aircraft to land.

Planes land on the runway immediately. When landing, first contact with the runway occurs, and the aircraft lands on the landing gear. The airliner then continues down the runway on wheels, gradually decelerating. It is the moment of contact with the runway that is accompanied by shaking in the cabin and causes anxiety among passengers.

As a rule, the landing speed is approximately equal to or slightly different from the takeoff speed. So, the Boeing 747 will be able to land at a speed of about 260 km / h.

Video

When the plane lands, all decisions about the need to reduce speed are made by the pilot. Thus, a soft landing characterizes the professional skills of the pilot. However, it should be remembered that the features of the landing of an airliner also depend on a number of climatic factors and runway features.

The question of what speed an aircraft develops during takeoff is of interest to many passengers. Non-professional opinions always differ - someone mistakenly assumes that the speed is always the same for all types of given aircraft, others correctly believe that it is different, but cannot explain why. Let's try to understand this topic.

Takeoff

Take-off is a process that occupies the time scale from the beginning of the movement of the aircraft to its complete separation from the runway. Takeoff is possible only if one condition is met: the lift force must acquire a value greater than the mass of the object taking off.

Takeoff types

Various “interfering” factors that have to be overcome to get the aircraft into the air (weather conditions, wind direction, limited runway, limited engine power, etc.) prompted aircraft designers to create many ways to bypass them. Improved not only the design of aircraft, but also the process of their takeoff. Thus, several types of takeoff have been developed:

• From the brakes. The acceleration of the aircraft begins only after the engines have reached the set thrust mode, and until then the device is held in place with the help of brakes;
• A simple classic takeoff, involving a gradual increase in engine thrust while the aircraft is moving along the runway;
• Takeoff using assistive devices. It is typical for aircraft carrying combat service on aircraft carriers. The limited distance of the runway is compensated by the use of jumps, ejection devices, or even additional rocket engines installed on the aircraft;
• Vertical takeoff. It is possible if the aircraft has engines with vertical thrust (for example, the domestic Yak-38). Such devices, like helicopters, first gain altitude from a standstill vertically or when accelerating from a very short distance, and then smoothly transition to horizontal flight.

Consider, as an example, the takeoff phase of a Boeing 737 turbofan aircraft.

Takeoff passenger Boeing 737

Almost every civil aircraft takes off in the air according to the classical scheme, i.e. the engine gains the necessary thrust directly in the process of takeoff. It looks like this:

• The movement of the aircraft begins after the engine reaches about 800 rpm. The pilot gradually releases the brakes while keeping the control stick neutral. The run starts on three wheels;
• To start taking off from the ground, the Boeing must acquire a speed of about 180 km / h. When this value is reached, the pilot smoothly pulls the handle, which leads to the deflection of the flaps and, as a result, the rise of the nose of the device. Further, the plane accelerates already on two wheels;
• With the nose up on two wheels, the aircraft continues to accelerate until the speed reaches 220 km/h. When this value is reached, the aircraft lifts off the ground.