Elena Gordeeva
Children's tourism. Summary of a game lesson for students of the technical school “Organization of bivouacs and nature conservation”

Regional state budget

professional educational institution

"Karsunsky technological college»

Plan- abstract

classes on the topic:

«»

Developed:

Dorm teacher

Gordeeva E. N.

head of the association

"The Paths of Karsun"

R. p. Karsun

Lesson summary on the topic:

« Organization of bivouacs and nature conservation»

Target classes: - study the requirements for the location of the bivouac and the action for bivouac organization;

Development of positive moral qualities that encourage children to comply with norms of behavior in nature.

Tasks classes:

Form an idea of ​​the criteria for choosing a location bivouac and its organization;

Promote the development of logical, analytical thinking, the ability to make the right decisions;

Develop the ability to work in a team, a sense of responsibility for the decisions made;

Expand children's knowledge and understanding of the role nature in human life;

Cultivate emotional responsiveness to objects nature.

Equipment: projector, computer, screen, educational cards, 2 Whatman paper depicting the area, a set of cards, buttons, puzzles.

Type classes: explanations of new material, generalization and systematization of knowledge.

Form: activity - game

Method: verbal, visual, game.

Plan classes

1. Preparatory part.

2. Explanation of the new topics:

Practical work with didactic material;

Presentation of new information;

3. Consolidation of the studied material.

4. Summing up classes.

Progress of the lesson

1. Preparatory Part:

Students are divided into two teams and take places at their desks, prepare notebooks and writing materials. Topic on the board classes.

2. Presentation of the new material:

Hello. Today we have a very interesting and necessary for everyone topic for tourists: « Organization of bivouacs and nature conservation»

Our goal classes– study the requirements for the place of choice bivouac and the sequence of actions when organization of bivouac work. Today we will try not to receive knowledge in a ready-made form, but together with me to find the necessary and correct information on the topic.

And we'll start with a little conversation.

Question: What is a bivouac?

Answer: A bivouac is a place of accommodation (parking) tourist groups for overnight or recreation. Bivouac is home, in which we live during the hike.

Question: Let's remember how long before dark you need to choose a place bivouac?

Answer: in 2 – 3 hours.

But, of course, even before setting out on the route, the approximate overnight location is determined on the map. And directly on the ground it is chosen 2 - 3 hours before dark.

Question: Do you think there are certain criteria and requirements for choosing a location? bivouac?

Answer: Yes, they exist.

And what exactly are we together now and we’ll try to figure it out. Let us look into the diary of one beginner, inexperienced tourist, to whom the leader, for educational purposes, instructed to choose a place bivouac on a hike.

So reasoned the one taking his first steps in tourism newcomer.

Each group takes turns expressing its proposals about the correctness or incorrectness of the hike participant’s judgments. And I will record them on the board in different columns.

Answers - students,

the teacher summarizes the answers

The answer is students

The answer is students

The text is displayed through a projector on the screen. And distributed in writing (4 pcs.)- into groups. 2-3 min. to study the content of the text.

Right and wrong are pre-drawn on the board. Students, together with the teacher, make notes in a notebook.

False True

Near populated areas, industrial enterprises, near power lines. - near a source with running water (rivers, springs) but not in flooded areas

Downstream of the river from the settlement - the presence of dead trees

Lonely tall trees (especially oaks and chestnuts). - in a forest, a place well blown by the wind in summer and protected from the wind in winter

It is better not to put up on the northern and eastern sides of the edge - put up tents on the east

sides of the edge - well lit by the sun in the morning

In depressions, dry river beds - first choose a place for a fire, and then a place for tents (4-5 m from the fire).

Reservoirs with standing water - not near tall, rotten trees

Place The bivouac must be level, dry, beautiful

Now let’s summarize everything that has been said and highlight the three main requirements for the place bivouac. How do you think?

Basic requirements for the place bivouac.

1. Security

2. Availability of firewood

3. Availability of water

Question. Tell me, in your opinion, which requirement is more important in winter and which in summer?

Yes. In summer, water is more important, and in winter, the availability of firewood.

But the most important law that applies when choosing a place bivouac, I haven't told you yet.

Even following all the advice given, you need to remember in order to avoid misunderstandings and offenses that the desire for better parking will haunt you throughout tourist life, but the ideal is almost impossible to achieve. The fact is that when choosing a parking lot, there are several options open to experienced tourists of absolute laws. The basic law of parking is stern and simple, just as all laws are stern and simple. nature: The best parking is five hundred meters away.

There are several more minor laws that also cannot be neglected. The first of these is the law "Half past six",

which means that the best parking is at half past seven in the evening.

The law has two more output:

A parking lot that comes across at half past seven will be a little worse, and after half past eight, parking disappears completely!

These are practical laws, absolutely true and tested by me personally more than once. I advise you to remember them and use them on your hikes.

I hope you now have an idea how to choose the right place for bivouac.

Question: What should we do in order to provide ourselves with all the necessary conditions? What are the conditions?

Answer: - you need a place to stay for the night;

Prepare food;

Warm up.

Yes, that's absolutely right. Write it down in your notebook.

student response

We need:

Prepare firewood (for cooking and heating, stacking it at a distance of 5-6 m from the fire.

Ensure availability of water.

Place the tents compactly with the entrance to the fire at a distance of 5-6 m.

Build a fire.

Set up a place near the fire for eating.

Prepare food.

Question: What do you think should be done first and what second?

Answer: Preferably everything bivouac work should be carried out in parallel.

Distribute work among bivouac must be done immediately upon arrival. Each of the works on participants perform bivouac to whom this is entrusted. On multi-day hikes, it is better to distribute the work in advance so that all participants "passed" all types of work, i.e. participants undergo a full course of training.

With good bivouac organizations work is finished by the time dinner is ready. Overall on bivouac work leaves from 1,5 to 2 hours.

I would like to draw your attention to the fact that depending on specific conditions, sometimes the order of work on bivouac, on the number of people in the group and their experience. Experienced tourists know what should be done first in each specific case.

Question: If on bivouac there is little dead wood and dead wood, what will you do?

Answer: Deploy more people to collect firewood.

Question: What if it's going to rain?

Answer: Yes, first of all we need to put up tents.

For experienced tourists there is such a rule - “No job, find one”!

In the group they don’t sit idle while others are working, they look for it, they help each other until all the work is finished.

Those on duty who prepare food in the morning get up 1 hour before. They prepare everything in the evening.

Question: What are the attendants preparing?

Answer: Water, firewood to protect from dew and rain, food.

In the morning, all participants, except those on duty, can be almost "collected", and the camp is basically collapsed before breakfast starts. When breakfast is ready, everyone stops so as not to delay the attendants and the exit in general. At the same time, the breakfast boilers are washed by the next people on duty, so that these people on duty can get ready at this time.

It is important to learn not only how to set up a camp correctly, but also how to remove it.

Question: Where do you think we should start removing the camp?

Answer. First, collect personal backpacks.

The tent and sleeping bags are turned inside out, shaken out, but first the tent slopes are allowed to dry in the sun, then the bottom is dried.

Put it in a backpack.

Leftover food is left aside - for forest animals

The remaining firewood is carefully stacked under the tree.

The garbage is burned. Take non-combustible waste with you.

The fire is extinguished. Cover the fire pit with removed turf and water it.

The parking lot should be left better than it was. Those who come after you should like this place. Nature should not suffer from your intrusion. This law must be observed without exception, that will save not only nature, but also our morality, our morals, our souls. List slide bivouac work

write it down in your notebook

writing in a notebook

Students answer

Block slide first

And today on class I suggest you work as ecologists. There are alarm bells ringing across our planet. You need to determine what problem is shown in the illustration, what causes it, and suggest ways to solve the problem.

For the correct answer, each group will receive an envelope, without which they will not be able to complete the next task.

Group 1 – water pollution.

Group 2 – deforestation.

Group 3 – garbage dumps.

Guys, look. What's in your envelopes, right, these are puzzles, and do you like to play puzzles?

I suggest you play the game now “My home is planet Earth” and collect puzzles.

You must complete the puzzles and we will find out what pictures you got.

What do you think, Earth, nature, people are related?

How do they interact with each other? The pictures are displayed on the screen.

Student answers

Students receive envelopes with puzzles

(Picture puzzles nature)

Student answers

3. Fixing the material.

The time has come to consolidate the material covered. Teams are given a set of cards « Bivouac» : (Christmas tree, deciduous tree, forest,

2 tents, fire, firewood). A Whatman paper is attached to the board, on which drawn: river, populated area, place of an old fireplace.

Participants’ task in 2 – 3 minutes. Place items correctly bivouac and sign the distances to certain objects.

After completing the task, the teams check with each other

Yes, I see that you have understood the main points of our topic. But to consolidate the knowledge even deeper, I suggest playing the game "True - False". I will read questions to each team in turn, you must answer "True or False" statement. Must list the disadvantages of someone else's camp

"True - False"

(+)

(-)

(-)

(+)

(+)

(+)

(-)

(-)

(+)

(+)

11. Tents are installed closer than 5-6 m from the fire (-)

(-)

(+)

14. Place for bivouac (-)

(+)

(+)

(-)

(-)

bivouac - half past six(+) Card with questions

4. Summing up.

I enjoyed talking to you today. I think we achieved the goals set for the lesson. It is very important not only to learn the material in the classroom, but also to learn how to take it into practice in real field conditions. And you will have such an opportunity

Didactic material

Text... Yes, this is a task, I was entrusted with choosing a place to stay for the night.

Over there in the distance near the river you can see a village. Downstream the river behind the village you can stop. In the evening we will ask the local grandmothers for fresh milk. There, near the village on the edge of the forest, there stands a tall, spreading oak tree, just what you need if you can find shelter from the rain. Let's stand on the western side of the oak tree so that the sun doesn't wake us up early in the morning. At least we'll get some sleep! The place here is picturesque. How nice it is that there is a depression there near the oak tree, because you need a flat place, you can set up tents. We’ll come, set up tents, and then decide where the fire will be….

Text... Yes, this is a task, I was entrusted with choosing a place to stay for the night.

Over there in the distance near the river you can see a village. Downstream the river behind the village you can stop. In the evening we will ask the local grandmothers for fresh milk. There, near the village on the edge of the forest, there stands a tall, spreading oak tree, just what you need if you can find shelter from the rain. Let's stand on the western side of the oak tree so that the sun doesn't wake us up early in the morning. At least we'll get some sleep! The place here is picturesque. How nice it is that there is a depression there near the oak tree, because you need a flat place, you can set up tents. We’ll come, set up tents, and then decide where the fire will be….

Text... Yes, this is a task, I was entrusted with choosing a place to stay for the night.

Over there in the distance near the river you can see a village. Downstream the river behind the village you can stop. In the evening we will ask the local grandmothers for fresh milk. There, near the village on the edge of the forest, there stands a tall, spreading oak tree, just what you need if you can find shelter from the rain. Let's stand on the western side of the oak tree so that the sun doesn't wake us up early in the morning. At least we'll get some sleep! The place here is picturesque. How nice it is that there is a depression there near the oak tree, because you need a flat place, you can set up tents. We’ll come, set up tents, and then decide where the fire will be….

Text... Yes, this is a task, I was entrusted with choosing a place to stay for the night.

Over there in the distance near the river you can see a village. Downstream the river behind the village you can stop. In the evening we will ask the local grandmothers for fresh milk. There, near the village on the edge of the forest, there stands a tall, spreading oak tree, just what you need if you can find shelter from the rain. Let's stand on the western side of the oak tree so that the sun doesn't wake us up early in the morning. At least we'll get some sleep! The place here is picturesque. How nice it is that there is a depression there near the oak tree, because you need a flat place, you can set up tents. We’ll come, set up tents, and then decide where the fire will be….

Text... Yes, this is a task, I was entrusted with choosing a place to stay for the night.

Over there in the distance near the river you can see a village. Downstream the river behind the village you can stop. In the evening we will ask the local grandmothers for fresh milk. There, near the village on the edge of the forest, there stands a tall, spreading oak tree, just what you need if you can find shelter from the rain. Let's stand on the western side of the oak tree so that the sun doesn't wake us up early in the morning. At least we'll get some sleep! The place here is picturesque. How nice it is that there is a depression there near the oak tree, because you need a flat place, you can set up tents. We’ll come, set up tents, and then decide where the fire will be….

"True - False"

1. The fire should be located no closer than 5-6 m from trees and bushes (+)

2. You can make a fire in young coniferous trees and dense bushes (-)

3. You can make a fire on a pile of dry branches, near hay, straw (-)

4. You cannot make a fire near buildings and peat bogs. (+)

5. The fireplace should be protected from the wind (+)

6. The best fuel for a fire is dried spruce and pine. (+)

7. You can leave shoes and clothes unattended by the fire (-)

8. First they put up tents, and then choose a place for a fire. (-)

9. The place for stacking and chopping firewood should be 5-6 meters away from the fire (+)

10. Those on duty at the fire wear shoes, long sleeves, hats and always gloves (+)

11. Tents are installed closer than 5-6 m from the fire (-)

12. Tents are placed in a damp, poorly ventilated place (-)

13. Tents are located close to each other, all with exits to the fire (+)

14. Place for bivouac you need to choose downstream from the populated area (-)

15. For kindling, it is better to use plexiglass, a candle, paper (+)

16. To light a fire in a new place, you need to remove the turf. (+)

17. In the morning, the attendants first collect their things and then prepare breakfast (-)

18. It’s good to place the tent under a spreading oak tree. (-)

19. The best time to choose bivouac - half past six(+)

Literature used

1. Bardin K. – "ABC tourism» , - M.: Education, 1981.

2. Verba I. A., Golitsin S. M., Kulikov V. M., Ryabov E. G., - « Tourism at school» - M.;

3. Korobeinikov N.K., Mikheev A.A., Nikolenko I.G., - "Physical Education", - Publishing House "Graduate School",- M.; 1989

4. Kravchenko I. A., Maleeva I. A., - “Memo to the leader of the trip”, - Regional children's excursion and tourist station, - Bryansk 1963

5. Kulikov V. M., Rotshtein L. M., - "School tourist leaders» , - M., 1997

6. Ryzhavsky G. Ya., - « Bivouacs» , - M.; CDYUT, 1985

7. "Encyclopedia tourist» - M., 1993

8. Internet resources

Poems for a business card for a teachers' tour meeting.

The author of this idea and texts is teacher O.N. Sharkova.

Municipal educational institution "Staroaleiskaya secondary school No. 1" June-2011

Teacher's TOURSLEET - “The very best”

The most important thing: PRIZE! How nice it warms your hands!
Most relevant: at the end of the school year, have a good rest!
Most stylish: competitive spirit

Most positive: The tourist rally is always an interesting, real show!

The most ideological: energizing, chants, confident fight with opponents.

Most professional: meeting of professional teachers.
The most traditional: songs around the fire

Most energetic: an inexhaustible charge of energy. Maybe it's time to introduce doping testing?

The most dear: Tretyakov Land, Alei-Father and painfully dear places.

Newspaper for the competition

Poems for a business card at a tourist rally

1
HOORAY! Tourists are celebrating.

They did not have an easy path.
Feeling the freedom of vacation,
They decided to rest.

2
Here, all the long-suffering people,

Who will say that he is also abnormal,

All and sundry gathered,

Who lived in ventures for a whole year

In worries, creative ideas,

Spend both night and day here.

3

We came to the sacred places

Where all nature is so pure.

The soul of a simple teacher

Wanting to shake off the burdens,

I was yearning for a tourist rally,

It's time for her to rest.
4

Tourists are happy about the tests.
So as not to get bored, of course,

They will complete the route and overcome obstacles

What fate has prepared for you.

5
What a joy, we are like children,
In the excitement of sports and games.

Having forgotten now about everything in the world,

Tourslet is one, we are one.
6
The past year is around the corner,
The wave of the past carries us along,
Forget yesterday's worries,

Here at the tourist rally there is silence.

7
There is a sea of ​​fresh sensations here,
Here is an open house (tent) for friends.
Here is the joy of meeting and communicating,

Relax, it will become more fun!

8
Let time beat and time heal,
There's a turn around the corner,
The backpack straightens our shoulders

And our tourist rally warms the soul!

At the end of the performance

We are at a tourist rally today

We hasten to congratulate everyone.
We wish everyone optimism -
This is very necessary in life.
Bright, joyful events,
In the summer, there are many useful things to do,
Amazing discoveries
Well, and rest of course!

Setting up a bivouac

Application: Signs for setting up a bivouac (Corresponding pictures are added to all plates) Recreation center "Aleiskie Tabernacles"

Park Hotel "Grace", hotel complex

Spa salon "Sleeping Beauty" Beauty and youth Discounts for regular customers. Price is negotiable, barter possible

Restaurant "Weeping Willow" Catering, outdoor restaurant service!!! Buffet. We will provide you with after-sales service at the level of the best Western standards! _________________________________________________________ Reception Don't pass by! We will check you for viruses and we'll direct you where you need to...

In a piece of paradise, all guests are welcome!!!

Accompaniment to the bivouac competition. (The guide's story)

Tourist base "Aleyskie Kushi"located among oak forests on the bank of Alei. Better places foractive recreation, how,"Aleyskie Kushi" there is none in the world. This is a real paradise for those who love nature and thrills, who love communication, something new and dream of exciting adventures.

If the weather is bad, many people go out into nature for a few days. And in this case, you can’t do without setting up a camp. This must be approached responsibly, since an incorrectly positioned tent or fireplace can ruin even the most carefully planned vacation.

Photo by Maxim VECHER

We put up a tent

The tent must be set up on level ground. If there is a slight slope, it must be placed in such a way that the legs of the person sleeping in it are lower than the head. Otherwise, a fun night is guaranteed: you will slide onto your neighbor or wake up with a severe headache.

Check the quality of the soil. It is not so easy to insert guy ropes into the dense interweaving of tree roots. In loose sand, on the contrary, the pegs do not hold well, and a sharp gust of wind can blow down the tent.

The site should be located on a hill so that during rain the tent does not flood with water. That is why you should not camp on low islands, no matter how picturesque the place looks. In this case, each tent should be dug in a shallow ditch. The area should be well ventilated and dry.

Carefully inspect the chosen location. There should be no anthills or ant trails. Remove twigs and cones so as not to feel like the “Princess and the Pea”.

The optimal distance between tents is 2-3 meters, the main thing is that there is enough space for stretching. It is best to place tents in a row or in the letter L - the camp will be a single whole, and the tents will protect each other from the wind.

You cannot place tents closer than 100 m from power lines, or closer than 50 m from roads.

If the picnic continues for several days, it is worth setting aside a separate tent for storing food.

Where to make a fire

The fire pit should be located as far as possible from the tents. Modern awnings, made of synthetic materials, are light and compact, but are easily burned by sparks. Determine the direction of the wind ahead of time so that the smoke from the fire goes away from your home.

Bonfire is the main cause of fires in forests, so there are a number of restrictions here. In particular, you cannot light a fire under the crowns of trees, in places with dry grass, on windbreaks and old burnt forests, in young coniferous forests, and on peat bogs. The fireplace should be ringed with a mineralized strip at least 0.5 m wide, or even better, fence it with stones.

You cannot leave a fire unattended. After folding the bivouac, the coals must be carefully extinguished - poured with water or covered with sand.

If possible, an awning should be stretched over the entire fire area at an angle so that it protects the fire not only from moisture, but also from the wind.

Beauty and purity

Having a stream or river nearby can greatly simplify the process of cooking and washing dishes. However, it is impossible to locate the “washing” zone in close proximity to a water source. After all, you will probably use household chemicals for the best effect. Any detergents, including ordinary laundry soap, can cause great harm to the stream.

Often lovers of outdoor recreation prepare a waste pit in advance. Don't do this! The plastic from which disposable tableware, bottles and other utensils of this kind are made takes decades to decompose. It’s better to hang a garbage bag on a tree and put all waste in it. When leaving, do not forget to take this bag with you to throw it in the nearest container.

Paper waste can be burned in a fire. Metal cans can be buried at the bivouac site, but first they must be thoroughly burned in a fire. Burnt metal quickly decomposes.

But glass, although it does not cause any particular harm to nature, should under no circumstances be left in the parking lot. First of all, it's dangerous - someone could get seriously cut. Secondly, glass practically does not decompose, remaining in the ground for thousands of years.

secluded place

Any more or less long stay requires the installation of a toilet. The site for it should be chosen at a distance from the bivouac among dense vegetation. The soil on the sanitary site must be loose so that it is possible to dig a hole at least 30 cm deep. In addition, this area should be located away from a river or stream, preferably in a lowland.

Photo by Anatoly DRIBAS

Usually, a film or awning is stretched over the place where the toilet is installed to protect it from rain. You can build improvised walls from branches or from the same film. By the way, experienced tourists hang a bright flag on a tree branch a few meters from the toilet. If it is down, it means the space is free.

Before leaving, be sure to bury the hole and mark it with stones so that other tourists know not to dig here.

STAY IN THE KNOW

Do not set up camp near isolated trees. During a thunderstorm, there is a high probability of “catching” lightning. Single trees are also the most vulnerable to the wind: at any moment the trunk can fall into a resting place. Avoid pitching your tent under large trees with long branches. Even a small branch falling from an impressive height can easily break a tent or injure campers.

Find a place well protected from wind and direct sunlight. The site can be arranged under a hill, in a clearing among a dense forest. However, do not camp in low areas. Firstly, this is where the dank fog will accumulate in the morning hours. Secondly, if there is heavy rain, all the water will flow into the lowland. In addition, in ravines hidden from the sun's rays there is the coldest air.

If possible, look for a place near a stream or on the bank of a river - a source of water, which you will probably need for washing dishes and other needs. However, you should not pitch tents at the very edge of the water.

You need to start setting up camp a few hours before dusk, so that you have time to cope with all your affairs and completely arrange the camp without haste and fuss.

NATURE FORECAST

We are used to trusting weather forecasters, but the weather is a capricious lady. Therefore, it will not be superfluous to learn to recognize some natural “bells” signaling imminent changes.

If the flowers of acacia, honeysuckle, currant, and lilac begin to smell strongly, wait for rain in 15-20 minutes.

The “crying” of the calliper, arrowhead, and calabash means that in 2-3 hours inclement weather will set in.

The flowers of daisy, mallow, buttercup, calendula, field bindweed, and dandelion begin to curl 2-5 hours before the rain.

White slumber flowers begin to smell fragrant 9-12 hours before rain.

The grasshoppers and crickets stopped chirping, and the butterflies hid in shelters - there will be a thunderstorm in 1-3 hours.

If jackdaws and crows begin to scream, fly in flocks, and dive down with stones, rain will begin to pour in 1-3 hours.

Organizing a bivouac begins immediately after choosing the optimal parking place, which we discussed in

A bivouac in the highlands, requiring special work to organize it.

Let us list the main types of work that are included in the concept of organization in the order of their implementation:

1. Determining the location of the main elements of the camp - tents and fire pits.
2. Setting up camp.
3. Procurement of kindling, brushwood and firewood.
4. Lighting a fire.
5. Water storage.
6. Cooking.

After all the points have been implemented, we can consider that the camp has been set. In different conditions and in different areas, the order and scope of these works may vary, and therefore, the instructions for setting up a bivouac will also be different.

Now let's look at all these points, but in more detail.

Determining the location of the main elements of the camp and its staging

The convenience, comfort and safety of those who will be in it depend on how the camp is planned.

The place for the fire should be located on the downwind side of the tents so that the smoke is carried away in the direction opposite to the resting place. It should be convenient for preparing and eating food, drying things and heating, and also organized in compliance with fire safety rules.

A specially organized place for tent camps.

The distance from the tents to the fire should be sufficient so that the fire does not scorch the fabric of the tent, but not such that you have to run across the entire camp to the fire: this is, at a minimum, inconvenient. If, instead of tents, a lean-to hut is used, a fire can be built near it: this is how some hunters in the winter taiga warm themselves.

If there are a large number of participants in the hike and there is a large, flat area convenient for setting up tents, the tents can be placed in a circle with the entrances to the center. This will allow camp participants to communicate with each other more easily. However, it is perfectly acceptable to place tents in rows to save space. This will allow you to set up a bivouac even in a relatively narrow place, for example, in a ravine.

However, in difficult conditions, tents can be placed regardless of their position to each other, but so that each of them is on a fairly level and safe place. This is especially true if you need to set up a bivouac in a mountainous forest area, on loose land or moraine, where there are not so many flat areas.

It is advisable to place tents so that there is enough free space between them, and a passing person does not trip over each guy rope stretched from the tent.

The tent entrance is oriented depending on the conditions. For example, the entrance of the tent can be directed towards the river flowing near the bivouac, which increases the aesthetics of staying in the camp. Or the entrance to the tent can be located on the windward side so that the tent is well ventilated and it is not hot in it.

In any case, the entrance to the tent should ensure ease of use, as well as the safety of people. For example, it is unacceptable to place a tent on the edge of a cliff with the entrance to this very cliff, despite the beautiful views that open to the eyes of the residents.

If necessary, an awning can be pulled up in the camp so that the whole group, regardless of the weather, can gather under it and discuss important issues, or simply sit down to eat. Here it should be convenient for those on duty to organize meals for the hiking group. The photo shows such an awning over a fire pit:

In general, if the camp is placed correctly, it should be convenient to work and relax comfortably. This is true for tourism, and for fishing or hunting, but a tourist bivouac usually must be organized in compliance with the greatest number of requirements, both because of extreme situations and because of the distance from human habitation.

In many cases, tourists can choose a hiking route so that, based on known data about the area, they can initially plan the placement of bivouacs in suitable places indicated on the map, or at least so that at the end of the walking day they go to an area convenient for setting up camp - on the river bank , to the edge of the forest, to the well.

Preparing kindling, brushwood, firewood and lighting a fire

After setting up the tents and determining a place for the fire, you need to organize the collection of kindling, brushwood and firewood.

Sometimes the collection of kindling can be carried out directly during the journey. So, for example, it would be useful to put birch bark picked along the way in your pocket or collect a certain amount of pine resin. They will not take up much space, but they can save time when organizing a fire, since there are not always sources of good ready-made kindling directly near the camp.

On a water trip, it is easier to organize a bivouac due to the fact that a significantly larger amount of equipment can be carried on watercraft.

I know of a case when, while setting up camp, tourists encountered difficulties in lighting a fire: it rained and finding dry kindling became a difficult task. One of the participants saved the situation by pulling out a piece of birch bark from his pocket. It turned out that he collected it in the middle of the day, when the group passed by a birch grove.

Speaking about preparing fuel for a fire, it is important to note the following nuance. Despite the fact that there is a fireman in the group, that is, someone who is involved in equipment and lighting the fire, the collection of fuel is also carried out by other members of the group. Otherwise, if everything is put on one campfire, a large tourist group may be left without a hot dinner. The strength of one person may simply not be enough to quickly collect enough firewood to prepare food for a large number of camp participants.

The video below describes the procedure for preparing firewood for a bivouac:

On one of the trips to which I was invited and where I had the “luck” to be a campfire leader, the following happened. The leader ordered to set up a camp in an already equipped parking lot (there were several gazebos with a roof and a built-in place for a fire). But due to the fact that this place was popular and frequently visited, there was almost no brushwood and firewood left nearby, that is, one of the fundamental rules for choosing a place for a bivouac was violated. The leader gave me the task of collecting wood and lighting a fire. My reconnaissance of the surrounding area showed that the nearest dry logs were at least half a kilometer away, and there was also a good parking place there. The only tools I had were a knife and a chain saw. As a result, it took me at least an hour and a half to search for, prepare fuel and light a fire to cook food for a group of five people with a supply of fuel for the morning fire work. Everything would have worked out much faster if we had set up a camp in a nearby “wild” clearing, and sent all the participants of the hike who were free from other activities to search and collect firewood. As we see, with an unsuccessful choice of location and improper organization of bivouac work, loss of excess time and effort is inevitable, and this is without taking into account the tense psychological situation in the group.

As soon as everything necessary for the fire has been collected, and the place for the fire is appropriately equipped, the fireman begins to build a fire. At this moment, the remaining participants are doing other things around the camp, for example, going to fetch water for a future dinner and tea.

Kindling for a fire, which can be collected in the forest-steppe.

The stage of procuring fuel and starting a fire is considered completed when the supply of firewood is sufficient to carry out all the tasks associated with the fire, the fireplace is equipped in accordance with the requirements for the safety and convenience of fire work, and the fire itself can burn for some time without human assistance.

Water storage

This is, perhaps, in most cases the simplest and fastest task, accessible even to children. That is why it can be left until the very last moment.

However, in some situations difficulties may arise, for example, if there are no open sources of fresh water near the camp. For example, a spring indicated on the map may simply dry up.

In such cases, it may take much longer to obtain water, and then you should take care of this almost in the first place. For example, if there is a nearby settlement, several participants should be sent there with empty containers.

If the place for bivouac is chosen correctly, there will be no problems with obtaining water.

While hiking along the Kuyalnitsky Estuary, we had to go to the place where we planned to stop for the night. On the map, a well was marked near this place. We were going to collect water from this well for the night and for the entire next day, since we planned a long trek through an arid region. However, to our disappointment, there was no bucket at the well, and the water in the well itself was heavily polluted with garbage. It was even possible to see the corpse of a mouse floating on the surface of the water in this well. I had to urgently go to the nearest village and ask people for water, leaving plans for setting up the camp for last.

Here's another cautionary tale. A group of tourist friends of mine lost their way and got lost. Dusk was approaching - it was decided to set up camp. In the place where the group initially headed, there was a source of fresh water, on which all hope was pinned. But at the place where the participants of the hike actually ended up, nothing like this was found. All water reserves were drunk on the way. In order to somehow quench their thirst, tourists drank water from a small puddle, which was not immediately discovered.

At the same time, small mountain streams are usually sources of clean water, quite suitable for drinking without special treatment.

In the mountains, the water in streams simply does not have time to become polluted.

For such cases, it is useful to have water disinfection tablets or a special water filter with you. I’m generally silent about ropes and utensils, thanks to which you can pull water out even from the deepest well or standing on a steep bank of a reservoir: they should be included in the mandatory set of tourist equipment.

Tablets for water disinfection, relatively inexpensive but effective.

The water procurement stage is considered completed when water is in the camp in sufficient quantity and quality prepared for cooking. A bucket of muddy water with plant debris floating in it will be of little use. Such water will need to be settled and filtered, which will take additional time.

Cooking

Most often, tourists carry food with them in backpacks, so there is no need to waste time replenishing it, as is the case with water. For this reason, cooking food usually happens as an afterthought. As a rule, this is done by the attendants.

Often, by the time field cooking begins, the main work for the camp has already been done, and each participant can take care of himself (carry out hygiene procedures, relax or communicate with other participants in the hike), although this time can also be spent usefully, for example, replenishing firewood, going for berries and mushrooms, if conditions permit. But most often the camp is set up in the evening, and it is not possible to do anything else other than basic bivouac work before dark.

The criterion for the successful completion of this stage of bivouac work can be considered the satisfied faces of the participants in the hike, consuming with appetite the dinner cooked over the fire.

A bivouac in the dense taiga, where the water source is quite far away and we had to carry water in special containers.

This is all just an example of actions and the sequence of their implementation for an ordinary tourist group hiking in a temperate climate zone. The procedure and the actions themselves may differ from those indicated here depending on the presence or absence of certain resources and equipment, as well as on the conditions in which people are located.

The nuances of organizing bivouac work in different conditions

To understand the variability of the actions of a marching group when setting up a bivouac, depending on the conditions, I propose, as an example, to briefly consider some situations and the features of organizing bivouac work during them.

In the mountains, where there may be no trees or other vegetation at all, there is no need to search for firewood. In such places, tourists usually use burners. This means that instead of collecting fuel for the fire, participants can be busy with other useful activities.

In essence, a bivouac in the mountains is simply properly set up tents and a place where the burners are securely placed.

In the desert, there may be no need for a fire at all, especially when, in addition to the tent, you have a sleeping bag in your backpack. Travelers prefer to carry a supply of water with them when crossing dry regions. This means that when carrying out work on the camp, there is no need to search not only for firewood, but also for water, and setting up a parking lot takes much less time.

In a forest in a large swamp, to set up a bivouac, you may need to build a deck or a hanging bed for rest. In addition, the same flooring will be needed for the fire. In this regard, first of all you will need to look for poles for the flooring.

On the seashore, if there are no trees nearby, but you still need to make a fire, finding and delivering dry driftwood (pieces of wood washed ashore) to the site may be a higher priority than setting up tents, especially if it’s nightfall.

Such a site bears little resemblance to a classic bivouac, but fulfills all its main tasks.

In winter, in the forest, with severe frosts and the absence of a tent, you must first take care of preparing firewood for a fire and poles for a hut, and in the steppe, with deep snow cover, about building a snow shelter. In both cases, searching for fresh water does not make sense, since drinking water can be obtained by melting snow and ice.

A bivouac in the winter forest, quite safe, compact and well organized.

In spring and autumn, during thaws and rains, a priority may be to organize a roof over your head and a shed for firewood and a fire. In the summer, the search and production of fresh water may take the lead.

In windy weather, in the absence of a natural wind barrier, the device of artificial wind protection may be a priority.

As we see, in each individual situation, priorities can shift towards one or another “element”, and the number of “elements” themselves can either increase or decrease.

To summarize, we can say that a properly organized bivouac should ensure the safety of the people in it, the convenience of bivouac work, comfortable rest and, if possible, satisfaction from staying in the parking lot. And the organization of the bivouac itself should be energy- and time-saving, so that by the time the camp is set up, the camp participants can have time to have dinner and have a good rest, and not greet the dawn with their tongues hanging out from fatigue.

• Most of the time on a hike is spent moving and sleeping. The less time it takes to set up a bivouac, the more time is left for everything else.
• The completeness of the group’s vacation depends on the choice of place to spend the night, its convenience and safety.
• You must be able to quickly and efficiently set up a camp in order to spend the night in comfortable conditions

Mastering the technique of bivouac work occupies a special place in the preparation of a tourist. The group needs to learn to spend one and a half to two hours on morning and evening bivouac work in order to make the most of the already short daylight hours.

A group that is not able to quickly set up camp and quickly assemble lives according to the principle “We’ll go out when we can, we’ll come wherever we can.”. This is unacceptable for a hike. A competent and trained group uses the principle “We’ll go out when we plan, we’ll come where we need to go.”. And this allows you to complete all the tasks of the hike.

It is extremely important to follow the following rules when setting up camp:

• clear organization and discipline. Each participant must know his responsibilities and immediately begin to fulfill them. The group commander must monitor what the participants are doing and, if necessary, give clear tasks. Assignments must be given to a specific person. When one person is given several tasks at once, the order of execution must be indicated. Healthy
• wide scope of work. The maximum possible number of tasks should be performed in parallel. At the same time, it is necessary to highlight priority cases and use the strongest participants there.
• look for a job. If a person has completed the task assigned to him, he must help the others. Work should end as soon as possible for everyone.
• DON'T BE LAZY. This is the main rule of winter tourism in general. It means that All group members must take an active part in setting up the camp and help their comrades without reminders. Until the work is completed, participants have no right to mind their personal affairs, warm themselves by the fire or sit in a tent. This rule should become a habit, only then can a person consider himself a real tourist.

Choosing a bivouac site

The choice of parking or overnight accommodation is entirely the prerogative of the commander. As a rule, when planning a route, he must outline parking spots, choosing the most convenient points for this. A lot can be seen on the map, something can be gleaned from reports or conversations with those who have already visited the area. During a campaign, the decision about when and where exactly to set up camp is also made by the commander.

When choosing a location for future parking, the following factors are taken into account:

• safety. In mountainous areas the real danger may be:
  • snow. You should not camp in an avalanche zone.
  • weather. For camping, you need to choose places sheltered from the wind: forest, folds of terrain, etc.
  • rockfalls. In winter, the danger of rocks is weak, but you still shouldn’t set up camp near steep cliffs.
  • proximity to housing. Often contacts with local residents do not bring joy and can even be dangerous. Also, in the vicinity of housing, you can be harmed by animals (livestock run, dogs can eat food, etc.)
  • falling trees. When setting up a camp in a forest area, you need to make sure that there are no dry land near the tent that is ready to fall. In strong winds, one of them may fall on the tent. In addition, you need to be careful when preparing firewood: if a piece of wood can fall on the tent, in 95% of cases it will definitely fall on it. (in the remaining 5% it will fall on the one who knocks it down)))
• availability of firewood. Firewood is the main thing needed to set up a comfortable camp in winter. Often in the evening the group literally walks “to the first dry land.” Coniferous tree species are best suited: spruce, fir, pine, larch. The sushina must be completely dry. For an ordinary group, one large Christmas tree is enough for an overnight stay.
• availability of water. Even though there is snow everywhere in winter, it is still preferable to stand where it is possible to get liquid water. This makes cooking much faster and more convenient. Even if a river or stream is frozen, there is a chance to get to the water. Or use crushed ice, which is still better than snow.
• convenience of place. This is a complex indicator that the commander determines based on his subjective considerations. It is, of course, better to set up a camp not on a steep slope, but on level ground. It’s good if you don’t have to go far for water and firewood.
• aesthetics of the place. When given a choice, it is best to stand in a beautiful place with pleasant views around. After all, people go on hikes not only to track snow...

Tent work

The camp cannot be called equipped until the following work is completed:

• firewood preparation. It is best to select, fell and cut up sushi in daylight. Therefore, logging is a top priority. When choosing sushi you need to evaluate:
  • size. Too big may be too much for you; thin “matches” are of little use.
  • dryness. If the bark peels off, great. Rotten ones are not suitable.
  • slope and proximity of other trees. We need to figure out whether it will be possible to drop the tree where it needs to be. It's good if there is enough space around. It is very difficult to pull off a “dangling” dryer.
  • ease of transportation. It is better if you carry firewood close to the camp and in a straight line than far away and through a couple of ravines.

Once the tree has been selected, you need to properly fell it. You should start by preparing the workplace: trample the area, remove branches, etc., figure out where to bounce. Then a notch is made and a hem is made on that side. Where you are going to put the sushi. You should try to cut through about 2/3 until the saw starts to clamp. (Usually sushi is cut in the direction of its natural slope.) After this, a second cut is made on the opposite side, 10-15 cm higher than the first. When the tree “goes”, it makes sense to help it fall in the direction you want. When the sushina is felled, the branches are cut off and the trunk is sawed into logs, which are carried to the camp, sawed into logs and split into logs for the stove and fire. The length of the logs should be such that they fit into the stove. It’s better to chop it smaller so that there are no problems with lighting the stove. It is convenient to chop on the stump of a fallen tree or on a massive log dug into the snow.

• tent tent installation. Under the tent you need to trample a sufficiently large area in the snow. First with skis, then with feet. Let it “cool” so that the snow sets. After this, they spread out the tent, correctly oriented the wind edge and the exit, insert a pre-prepared Central Committee (from a thin tree or from tied skis) inside and stretch the guys. Don't forget about the awning. After this, polyethylene, rugs and sleeping bags are laid inside.
• stove installation. A specially appointed stove builder assembles and installs the stove. It starts to melt her.
• wind wall construction. Bricks are cut from the snow and a wall is built as high as the edge of the palaka or higher. This is especially true when spending the night in open spaces.
• fire pit or mesh. The person on duty determines where he will cook. If there is no net or there is little snow, dig a hole to the ground. A fire is built in it and a rope is hung over the fire. The duty officer’s task is to drive everyone away from the fire, so that they don’t sit, but get busy. It can also be useful to tap the trees around the fire so that snow does not fall from them.
• water. If possible, it is better to get water rather than melt the snow. You need to cut a hole in the ice with an ax in order to collect it with a mug or can. Care must be taken not to fall through.
• setting up a communal fire. Usually everyone sits in a tent, so there is no fire outside. But if there is a desire, then why not? You need to prepare more wood for the fire. Around the fire there are “sofas” for sitting - the so-called “pentagon”. It is better to clear the snow around the fire, otherwise it will melt and turn into a swamp. It is also good to pre-tap the surrounding trees from snow.
• toilet. Determine the place where to walk “beyond the bend”. They usually use the path trodden by those who carried firewood.

Duties

The responsibilities of the duty officer include lighting a fire, preparing food and delivering it to the tent, as well as lighting the stove in the morning, if night duty is not practiced (see below).

In addition to regular duty, night duty at the stove is also arranged. All members of the team, except for the morning man on duty, take turns watching the stove for several hours and maintaining the fire to keep the tent warm.

• making a fire. Not an easy task, especially in bad weather and with lousy wood. You need to prepare kindling, chop a splinter, apply plex.
• collect groceries for dinner and the morning. This must be done so as not to wake people up in the morning.
• prepare and serve dinner. While the person on duty outside is busy around the fire, the other participants can help him share food, etc.
• prepare water in the evening. To avoid wasting time in the morning, water is prepared in the evening. You can even soak cereal in it.

Removing the camp

Breaking up camp, cooking, breakfast, and packing backpacks should take about the same amount of time as evening bivouac work. The principles here are the same as when setting up a camp. The participants who have already gathered must help the others. For example, roll up the tent, remove the rope, etc. You need to quickly empty the tent of things. You also need to make sure that after you leave, the parking area returns to the same form it was in before you arrived.