- (Dutch boegspriet, from boeg bend, curvature, and spriet pole). A mast placed at an angle to the front of a ship. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. BOOSPRIT bowsprit, tilted over the nose and ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

A horizontal or inclined beam protruding from the prow of a sailing vessel. It serves to bring forward triangular bow sails (jibs and staysails) in order to improve the maneuverability of the vessel and partly to secure the fore mast. Naval ... ... Marine Dictionary

BUSHPRIT, bougsprit male, marine. the front mast on the ship, lying obliquely forward, behind the water cutter. Continuation of the bowsprit: jib, and the transverse tree: pancakes. The sails on the bowsprit are triangular: forestengs staysail, jib and boom jib. Dictionary… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Bugsprit, mast, spars Dictionary of Russian synonyms. bowsprit noun, number of synonyms: 3 bowsprit (1) mast ... Synonym dictionary

- (from the English bowsprit) a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing ship. Serves mainly for fastening bow sails ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

And BUGSPRIT, bowsprit, husband. (from the Dutch boeg the bow of the ship and the spriet pole) (mar.). A beam protruding obliquely ahead of the bow of the ship. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

A tree extended overboard at the bow of a vessel horizontally or at some angle. The largest angle to the horizon reaches 35°. B. is either fixed or sliding, that is, one whose outboard part can be reduced by pushing it inside ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

A; m. [Dutch] boegsprit] Mor. A horizontal or inclined bar used to carry the bow sails forward. * * * bowsprit (from the English bowsprit), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing ship. Serves mainly… encyclopedic Dictionary

A bowsprit (eng. bowsprit, Dutch boegspriet), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the ship's stem. On sailing ships B. serves to carry forward bow sails (jibs), thereby increasing the total area ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

M. Horizontal or inclined beam on sailing ship, which serves to bring forward the bow sails. Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova

Books

• Set "Sea of ​​Wonders. Ghost ship" (147261) , . Your attention is invited to an interactive aquarium "Ghost Ship". Contents: aquarium, mast, prow (2 pcs.), bowsprit, forward deck (tank), railings (6 pcs.), middle deck…
• Educational audio encyclopedia. Ships. Water transport (MP3 audiobook), A. Lukin. The "Transport" series includes four discs, listening to which, children will learn a lot about airplanes and airships, cars and bicycles, ships, subway and railway. In this episode: How...

The yards are suspended from the masts with the help of bayfoot, which should keep the yards at a sufficient distance from the masts so that the guys do not interfere with their brasop (turn).

The bayfoot, which the ancient Romans called apguipa, was a belt formed by several cable hoses. Subsequently, this belt was replaced by chiseled wooden balls - rax-clots, corals or paternosters (rosaries), mounted on two or three parallel cables. The latter were kept in a certain position relative to each other with the help of vertical long wooden plates - rax-slime, placed between the rax-clots. The cables themselves, passed through rax-cloths and rax-slugs.

picture of the training vessel, view from the stern.

b - yoke putens-shrouds; 7 - ezelgoft; 8 - mizzen boom; 9 - mizzen hafel; 10 -bu-L^rik-fal; 13 - erens backstays; 14 - iok hafel; 15 - butt for the stern block I ^ l for installing dowels; 20 - yoke with butts for mizzen-boom tokens; 21 - "" - staples; 25 - sheets of mizzen-gnka.

were called rax-cables or rax-bastards, and the cable covering the yard and pressing it to the mast was called drossa in Italy (Fig. 298, a-b). There were various types of rope bayfoot or rax-yokes.

In the lower yards and Mars-yards, the rax-yoke was formed by three rows of rax-ropes with clots (Fig. 298, c). Medium rax-rope

Rice. 297 Mizzen boom and hafel of a steel mast of a modern sailing ship.

I her, lower mast; 2 "- topmast; 3 mars; 4 - putens guys; 5 -. masthead; 6 spurs stengn; 7 shknv-gat with a pulley for wall-vytrepa; 8 - ezelgoft; 9 - yoke puteno-shrouds; 10 "" yoke for the pin (bolt) of the ha-4el heel; And - forging a hafel with a pin; 12 - yoke about a butt for fastening a block of hoists dirik-fal; 13 ~ yoke with butts for fastening the root ends of the dirnk-halyard and erens backstays; 14 - pulley for wiring trisel-halyard; 13 - nok hafel; 16 - butt for the flag block; 17 - pin; 18 ~ yoke for gnk heel pin; 19 - hafel; 20 - mizzen boom; 21 - yoke with a butt and shoulder strap for gnk-sheets; 22 - yoke for boom-topenants; 23 wooden yoke for installing dowels.

at the ends he had a thimble, and the extreme ones - one krengels each. The rax-yoke was installed so that it went around the aft side of the mast, like a bandage, and the free ends of the extreme rax-cables, passed through the corresponding thimble and crengels, were fastened in the middle of the yard ^.

Through a yufers (a yufers is a wooden block without pulleys, in which two or three holes are drilled for wiring the corresponding rigging), installed in the middle of the bayfoot.

Rice. 298. Raks-bougels (cable bayfoot) of ancient ships: a - with three rows of clots; b ^ - є two rows of cloths; c - lower yard; d - English type; e - bram-ray; f - bastard rue galleys.

1 - rax-clots; 2 "" cancer-olises; 3 “crayfish; i "■ the end of the rako-troos; - 5 - krei" gelo; 6 e. thimble.

two ends were missed - a halyard and a niral raks-bougel. They helped to control the rax-yoke during the descent and ascent of the yard (Fig. 299).

Since the lower yards were rarely lowered and raised, in the 18th century. the rax yoke was replaced by a simpler yoke of the English type (see Fig. 298, d). It consisted of a cable wrapped in shkimushgar and sheathed in leather, at one end of which there was a krengel. The rax-yoke covered the mast, and the rax-rope, bending around the yard and mast, passed through the krengels and went down to the right of the mast.

At the end of the cable there was a block, which, together with another block installed at the partner of the mast, formed a hoist. These rax hoists, or beyfut hoists, served to stuff and etch the rax yoke. Additionally, another cable was wound up, which went around the yard and mast and was stuffed with the help of others.

^ With such wiring, the rax-yoke could not be irritated when lowering or raising the yard.

hoists placed on the opposite side of the mast. The English rax-bugel had a halyard and a niral (Fig. 300).

The rax yoke of the bram yards was almost the same as the yokes of the lower yards: it had two rax cables with clots. Both rax-cables were connected on one side and formed krengels. The rax-yoke went around the mast, then the rax-ropes covered the yard with two or three hoses, and, having passed through the krengel, were fastened. Such a rax-yoke was used on the lower yards and mars-yards of small ships (see Fig. 298, e).

Mizan-ryu rax yoke also consisted of two rax ropes with clots. From one

Rice. 299. Rax yoke of the lower yard.

I - rax yoke; 2 - mast; .5 - ray; 4 - halyard rax-yoke; 5 - nn-ral rax-yoke.

Figure 300. An English type rax yoke on the lower mast.

1 - rax-yoke; 2 - mast; 3-ray; 4 - halyard rax-yoke; 5 - nral rax-yoke; 6 - ■ bastard block) 7 - hoist rax-yoke; 8 - second taln.

On the other hand, both rax-cables were intertwined at one end and fastened on the yufers, and on the other hand, they went around the yard "passed through the mentioned yufers and were fastened on a two-pulley block (Fig. 301). The other block was at the mast on the quarterdeck and together with the first one formed a rax-tali.

The rax yokes of the blind-ray and the bom-blind-ray were special cable slings (Fig. 302). Rax yokes on the galleys - bastards - consisted of three rax ropes with clots, but without rake slimes (see Fig. 29c, 1).

In the 19th century various innovations are gradually being introduced into the manufacture of rax-yokes, but until the end of the century, mostly simple yokes are used.

On modern sailing ships, the bayfoot of the lower yards can be of different types.

Bayfoot with slings of chains - chain bayfoot (Fig. 303) - in terms of wiring, it almost completely repeats the simplified cable rax-yoke.

The iron bayfoot consists of a yoke attached to the mast below the chicks, which is connected to two yokes mounted on the yard using a swivel with a pin and a horn-shaped connecting bar. The rai itself hangs on a special chain - a borg, one end of which is attached in the middle of the rai on a yoke, and the other - under the saling (Fig. 304). On steel masts, only metal bay feet are used (Fig. 305).

There are five types of bayfoot Mars-Rays. The first type is a simple marsa-b< й-

Rice. 301. Rax-bougel mizzen-ryu.

Rice. 302. Rax-bougel blind-ray and bom-blind-ray.

foot - consists of two slings connected to each other, braided with shkimushgar and sheathed in leather. It can be made of steel ends or chains (Fig. 306, a).

Marsa-bayfoot of the second type consists of one row of rax-clots, impaled on a vegetable or steel cable and separated from each other in pairs by rax-mucus.

Rice. 303. Chain bayfoot.

1 <- рей; 2 - цепной бейфут; 3 <- скоба для крепления борга; 4 леер; 5 перты; 6 блоки фала рея; 7 - обухи; 8 - оодперткя.

Rice. 304. Iron bayfoot of lower yards and lower tops-yards.

1 - lower mast; 2 - topmast; 3 - mast top; 4 - spur stengn; 5 - hoses; 6 long salings; 7 - mars; 8 - puteno-shrouds; 9 - yoke putens-shrouds; 10 ". bu-gel bracket; I - chicks; 12 - yuffers putens-shrouds for fastening wall-shrouds; 13ezelgoft with a hole for the mars-ray bayfoot pin; 14 - bayfoot mars-ray; 15 - yard support, replacing the borg; 16 -= bayfoot of the lower yard; 17 - bayfoot yoke on the mast; 18 - bayfoot yokes on the lower yard; 19 =. yoke about the butt for fastening the borg; 20 ^ borg.

The third TYPE With a hinged basting is a wooden attachment - a rax-clamp, mounted on the back side of the yard, with a semicircular socket for the mast in the middle. The nest is closed with a semicircular iron basting with a pin. This basting may also consist of cloths (Fig. 307, b).

Rice. 305, Bayfoot of the lower yard on a metal mast (side and top view).

Rice. 306. Bayfoot of mars-rai: a - simple bayfoot.

I - ray; 2 - mast; 3 "" bayfoot;

b - bayfoot with hinged basting.

1 - "crab-clamp"; 2 - yokes; 3 - ray; 4 - handrail for attaching the upper luff of the sail; 5 - handrail for tying the backs; b - iron basting;

c - bayfoot with a "clutch" for the upper mars-ray.

1 - ray; 2 - mast; 3 w wooden clutch; 4 p. iron clip; 5 - Bayfoot connecting strip; 6 - bayfoot yokes on the yardarm.

The fourth type - bayfoot with a clutch - is mainly used for upper topsails, if the ship has double topsails (lower and upper). The coupling consists of two halves of a cylinder made of solid wood, covering the mast and enclosed in an iron clip, which is connected through a swivel to the yokes put on the yard. The coupling can also be metal, in this case

tea it is communicated from the inside with skin, which makes it easier to slide along the mast. Bayfoot of this type replaced the previous ones (Fig. 306, c).

Bayfoot of the fifth type is a cantilever fitting. It rotates around a pin mounted on the front side of the ezelgoft. In this case, instead of a chain borg, a metal support post is used, which is installed under the bayfoot and rests on the tops (see Fig. 304).

"and which bayfoot is placed on the lower mars-rails and lower bram-rails.

On bram- and bom-bram-rails, either a simple bayfoot of two slings sheathed in leather is installed, or a bayfoot with a rax-clamp and a metal basting or a belt of cloths (see Fig. 306, b and 307).

Bayfoot gaff. To the whiskers of the heel of the hafel, which cover the mast or trisel-mast, a bayfoot is attached, formed by a number of clots without rax-slivers. This bayfoot allows the gaff to move along the mast and turn.

Bayfoot mizzen geek. In addition to the bayfoot, similar to the bayfoot of the gaff, the spur of the boom may have a metal fitting with a pin that allows it to turn (see Fig. 296 and 297).

Majestically dissecting the sea waves - a truly bewitching sight. Now you can see it with your own eyes, except perhaps at the parade of sailing ships in Amsterdam, which takes place every five years. Several centuries ago, watching a sailboat was a common thing among coastal residents. The more massive the ship, the more sails are needed for its fast and smooth running. The sailboat has a complex structure, and each mast on it has its own purpose. You can consider the structure of a sailing ship from its most advanced detail.

Bar at the forefront of a sailboat

In a literal translation from Dutch, a bowsprit is an "inclined pole". The design is a bow beam of a sailing ship that is carried forward. In other words, a bowsprit is a spar, which is a continuation of the bow of the ship and protrudes beyond the stem. It plays the role of a front mast and is installed obliquely at an angle of 30-36 degrees. Initially, it consisted of one section. Subsequently, on large ships, it became composite: as its continuation, a jib was installed, followed by a bom-jib. Like any mast, the rear base of the bowsprit is called a spur. The front end is called a nok, like a boom, hafel or ray.

Design purpose

The main purpose of the bowsprit is to carry forward the front oblique triangular sails - jibs. Due to this design, the sailing area of ​​the ship is increased, which contributes to better handling and higher maneuverability. In addition, the bowsprit is partly used to secure the foremast. Its functions do not end there, because. it is also necessary for securing and raising the bow anchor. Thus, the ship's bowsprit is a multifunctional mast of a water craft.

Front mast dimensions

For ships of different profiles, the length of the bowsprit was different. As a rule, on merchant ships, the length of the forward mast was equal to three-fifths of the length of the main mast. On ships intended for naval combat, its length was equal to eight-ninths of the length of the foremast. In diameter, the bow beam was comparable to the diameters of the fore and main masts of medium size. At the same time, the thickness of the bowsprit decreased from the base to the toe by almost a factor of two.

Sometimes the bow of the ship was decorated with a latrine (or bow) figure, which was usually located above the bowsprit and depicted, most often, a mermaid, an attractive girl or a lion's head. It is noteworthy that on the other side, on the same overhang, there were restrooms for the crew.

Bowsprit

a tree pushed overboard in the bow of a ship horizontally or at some angle. The largest angle to the horizon reaches 35°. B. is either fixed or retractable, i.e., one whose outboard part can be reduced by pushing it inside the vessel (the tackle serving for this purpose is called B.-shot), or latrine, i.e., lifted up, for free action by ramming on armadillos. The end of the B., which enters the vessel, is called a spur and is affirmed in a specially made place called a partner; the other end is called a top and an ezelgoft is put on it.

1. Bowsprit. 2. Bowsprit ezelgoft. 3. Utlegar. 4. Stem. 5. Tension yoke. 6. Staple. 7. Water back stays. 8. Water stays. 9. Fore stays. 10. Folding yoke. 11. Spurs utlegar.

B., like masts, are made from resinous coniferous forests; on large ships, the battleship is not a single tree, but a composite one, mainly of 4 pieces, fastened with yokes and bolts (see Masts). B. serves to remove some part of the windage from the center of gravity of the ship, and this makes it possible to increase the rotational force of the forward oblique sails; in addition, B. serves to support the foremast from the front, for which it is strongly fastened to the stem.

B. does not count as masts; so, a two-masted ship has two vertical masts and B.; three-masted - three masts and B., etc. B. is put in place either by a crane, or by arrows and is affirmed in its position by water-woolings, brackets or clips, water stays and water backstays. When determining the slope of B., the place of the common center of windage is taken into account. With an increase in the slope of the windmill, the center of the windage approaches the bow, which, by assisting the rudder, is especially advantageous during fresh winds, when most ships carry the rudder in the wind and thereby reduce their speed. The fore-staysail and fore-topmast-staysail are raised on the B. Both of these sails balance the action of the rear sails and serve to deflect the bow of the vessel into the wind.

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .

Synonyms:

See what "Bowsprit" is in other dictionaries:

Ship Falls of Clyde Bowsprit, bowsprit (Dutch. boegspriet (from boeg nose and spriet peak, in ... Wikipedia

- (Dutch boegspriet, from boeg bend, curvature, and spriet pole). A mast placed at an angle to the front of a ship. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. BOOSPRIT bowsprit, tilted over the nose and ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

A horizontal or inclined beam protruding from the prow of a sailing vessel. It serves to bring forward triangular bow sails (jibs and staysails) in order to improve the maneuverability of the vessel and partly to secure the fore mast. Naval ... ... Marine Dictionary

BUSHPRIT, bougsprit male, marine. the front mast on the ship, lying obliquely forward, behind the water cutter. Continuation of the bowsprit: jib, and the transverse tree: pancakes. The sails on the bowsprit are triangular: forestengs staysail, jib and boom jib. Dictionary… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Bugsprit, mast, spars Dictionary of Russian synonyms. bowsprit noun, number of synonyms: 3 bowsprit (1) mast ... Synonym dictionary

- (from the English bowsprit) a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing ship. Serves mainly for fastening bow sails ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

And BUGSPRIT, bowsprit, husband. (from the Dutch boeg the bow of the ship and the spriet pole) (mar.). A beam protruding obliquely ahead of the bow of the ship. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

A; m. [Dutch] boegsprit] Mor. A horizontal or inclined bar used to carry the bow sails forward. * * * bowsprit (from the English bowsprit), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing ship. Serves mainly… encyclopedic Dictionary

A bowsprit (eng. bowsprit, Dutch boegspriet), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the ship's stem. On sailing ships, B. serves to carry forward the bow sails (jibs), thereby increasing the total area ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

M. A horizontal or inclined beam on a sailing ship, which serves to carry forward the bow sails. Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova

Books

• Set "Sea of ​​Wonders. Ghost ship" (147261) , . Your attention is invited to an interactive aquarium "Ghost Ship". Contents: aquarium, mast, prow (2 pcs.), bowsprit, forward deck (tank), railings (6 pcs.), middle deck…

The main parts of the deck and superstructures of a sailing ship (starting from
nose), formed in the sailing fleet:

latrine - ? overhang in the bow of the sailing vessel, on which the bow decoration was installed, and on the sides? latrines for eqi-
page (at present, all toilets on ships and vessels, regardless of location, are called latrines);

tank -? a superstructure at the fore end of the ship, starting from the bow, which serves to protect the deck from flooding on the opposite
wave, to accommodate office space (painting, skipper's
and etc.). Such a superstructure partially recessed in the ship's hull (usually half the height) is called a forecastle;

waist ? - part of the upper deck from the foremast (first from the bow), or from the bow superstructure to the main mast (second from the bow), or aft superstructure;

quarterdeck (shantsy) ? - aft upper section of the deck, raised by a ledge, where all the controls for the sailing vessel were located;

ut ? - part of the deck between the mizzen mast (the third aft mast) and the aft flagpole.

In the XV? -XVI centuries, a fourth aft mast was also installed on ships, which the British called bonaventure ? mast, and the Italians? fell .

A strongly inclined bow mast is called bowsprit , the angle of its inclination to the horizon is now about 20 °, on ancient ships and galleons about 36 °.

Sails were placed on the masts, which ensured the propulsion of the vessel. Did the sails consist of several sewn panels of special linen fabric? canvases.

Are there two main types of sails? straight And oblique. Straight sails are carried on the yards, slanting -? on stays (staysails) and on gaffs(trisely).

The edges of the sails, called luffs , for the fortress they are sheathed with a special rope, it was called lyktrosome . Due to the large number of different sails, rigging and gear, there are special names for them, which constitute a kind of maritime specificity and a source of special pride for real sailors.

An idea of ​​the sails of 18th century ships is given in Fig. 9.8, which shows a three-masted ship of the 1st rank with full armament. Such ships carried the following sails.

Straight sails (the names are indicated in the figure by numbers in order from bottom to top):

on bowsprit blind (1) and bowen blind (2); on the foremast? fock (3), fort marseille (4), fort bramsel (5); on the main mast? mainsail (6), mainsail (7), mainsail (8); on a mizzen mast? - cruise-marseille (9), cruise-bramsel (10). Oblique sails: on a bowsprit? fore or fore staysail (11), fore sten staysail (12), jib (13); between foremast and mainmast? mainsail (only on ships with less than 50 guns), mainsail-staysail (14), midshipsail (15), mainsail-bram-staysail (16), mainsail-bram-staysail; between the main and mizzen masts? mizzen staysail or apse (17), cruise-wall-staysail (18), cruise-bram-staysail (19); on a mizzen mast? mizzen (20).

In favorable weather, in addition to the main direct sails, additional ones were placed to increase speed? - foxes :

on the foremast and mainmast? under- and mars-foxels. By the end of the century, bram-foxels began to be used.

It should be noted that sailing equipment is very diverse, depending on the type of vessel and the period of development of shipbuilding.

The placement of weapons, ballast and provisions on sailing ships was strictly regulated, which was the result of a long test of time.

The loading of a sailing ship in the 18th century was carried out as follows (Fig. 9.9). In the lower part of the hull, in the so-called water hold, there was a cast-iron ballast. These were cast-iron bars weighing 8 and 2.4 pounds *), which were laid, tightly pressing against each other, from one side to the other. Moreover, in the area of ​​​​the mainmast, in the center of gravity of the vessel, the largest number of bars was placed. To prevent the ballast from rolling from side to side during pitching, the hold was divided into longitudinal compartments, which were called banks. After the cast-iron ballast was covered with small stone, empty water barrels were placed on it. At the same time, the largest barrels in the bottom row were tightly placed against each other and half buried in stone ballast. After laying the lower layer (log, hence the marine term “stand lag”, i.e. side), the barrels, starting from the middle one, located in the diametrical plane of the vessel, were filled with water from a hose. The average lag of the smaller barrels was placed on the bottom layer.

For sailors to work in the hold above the barrels, a space of about one meter was left. The voids between the barrels were filled with firewood. Provisions (wine, oil, corned beef) were stored in some barrels.

The water accumulating at the bottom of the hold was pumped overboard using pumps installed near the mainmast. To protect the pumps from clogging and damage from the very bottom to the lower deck, a special box was built around the main mast, which was called lyalo or vel.

To accommodate all dry provisions (sacks with flour, salt, cereals) and cook facilities (boilers, plates, cups, scales) under the lower deck for the entire width of the ship at a distance of 1.9 m, a platform was made
(cockpit).

The space under the cockpit (hold) was divided by transverse bulkheads into a number of large compartments: in the central part of the vessel? water hold, bow (large) and stern (small) hook chambers.
Kruyt chambers were intended for storing gunpowder in barrels, which were tightly stacked on racks. Gunpowder was poured into caps *) in specially designated places.

Provisions were stored in the captain's and officer's cellars, which were located in front of the aft hook chamber. The bottom of these cellars was covered with sand. They also had special compartments for bombs.
and pomegranate. Artillery accessories and supplies (horns, kokors, leathers and incendiary pipes) were laid out above the kruyt chambers. Skippers' cabins were located near the exit from the hook-chamber. Canvas, awnings, sailing threads, lines, piles, hammers and other ship accessories were also stored here.

Galleries along the sides of the cockpit were used by carpenters and caulkers to seal holes during battles.

For the sick and wounded, the middle part of the cockpit was intended, as a place with the least impact of pitching.

Sailors, gunners and soldiers lived on the lower deck, closer to the bow of the ship. Here were the anchors. In the place where the anchor ropes were drawn in, there was a clubhouse for storing the anchor chain or rope. Cluzback was appointed to prevent water from spreading over the vessel when choosing an anchor, it was well caulked and tarred, and had scuppers for water drainage.

Artillery officers and navigators lived in a cabin behind the mainmast. Nearby was the ship's office. Boarding weapons (muskets, pistols, pikes, etc.) were stored nearby. In front of the mizzen mast there was a special place for guns.

For sampling anchors, a large spire was used, which was located between the main and mizzen mast. It had two drums: one on the first and the other on the second battery deck. For lifting heavy
Stey used a small spire, which was located on the upper deck between the fore and main masts.

The captain-lieutenants and lieutenants occupied a wardroom, which was located in the aft part of the ship on the upper deck (operdeke). Midshipmen and midshipmen lived under quarter quarters.

On the quarterdeck there was a ship's compass in a binnacle. On the upper deck between the foremast and the main mast there were rosters? Stands for boats and spare spars. Captain's cabin
relied in the stern of the ship.

The ship's priest lived in a cabin on the starboard side.

Galley (kitchen on the ship) was in the bow under the forecastle.

In front of him, on one side, there was a ship's infirmary, and on the other, a wick was attached and a barrel of water was installed.

On the upper deck between the small and large spiers during the voyage there were fences and cages for chickens, ducks, geese, pigs and calves.

On the ships of the slave traders (in the middle part), when taking on board the “live goods”, the upper yards and bram-stengs were lowered onto the deck, which were fixed at a height of 2.5-? 3.0 m. logs. Boards were stuffed onto the resulting frame. So the entire upper deck turned out to be under a lattice with holes of about 30 cm. From above, to protect from the sun, the structure was covered with bamboo mats. Slaves entering the ship could not jump overboard: the part of the deck where they were, fenced off by a wall of thick wooden boards? "barricade".

Nets were stretched around the entire ship along the sides inside, in which rollers were stored in a folded state -? team personal belongings. During the battle, they protected the personnel from buckshot and enemy bullets.

The placement of artillery on sailing ships of the navies deserves special attention. The heaviest guns were located on the lower deck - gondek, medium-caliber guns - on the upper deck, and the smallest -? on the dowels and the tank. This arrangement was dictated by the desire to better ensure the stability of the vessel.

The guns were mounted on carriages (Fig. 9.10) and together with them they were fastened with thick (5? -8 inches) tarred ropes (trousers) 2.5 times the length of the gun, connected to the side eyelets (rings). Under
gun carriages were crowbars and gunshpugs (wooden levers for changing the sight of guns when firing), but under the guns? banniki (in the form of a ruff? for cleaning the bore), piercers (for sending the charge to the place) and fawns (devices similar to a corkscrew for removing wad residues). Next to the cannon, in rings of thick rope (fenders), which did not allow the cannonballs to roll around the deck, there was a part of the cannonballs. To protect the deck from damage, wooden pillows with notches were “laid” under the cores. The rest of the cores were placed in the middle of the deck and around the hold hatches. The cores were stored in boxes located in the hold near the main mast.

Particular attention was paid to the fastening of the guns in a marching manner (Fig. 9.11). This is not surprising, because the mass of guns reached 500 kg. It is easy to imagine what such a mass moving along the deck when the ship was rolling could do. It should be noted that the strong connections of the gun decks were made of large sizes (Fig. 9.12).

Among the design features of sailing ships (their appearance dates back to the 19th century), experts note the replacement of lever steering systems with calderstock to more modern steering wheel (helm). Since then, the steering wheel has become one of the symbols of the maritime profession.

The design of the steering gear with a calderstock and a steering wheel with cable wiring (which is called a steering cable) is shown in fig. 9.13. Sturtrosovaya wiring made it possible to significantly increase the angle of deflection of the rudder blade (up to 15 ° against the previous 5 °), which improved the maneuverability of sailing ships.

It must be said that attention was paid not only to internal structures during the construction of a sailing ship. During the period under review, shipbuilders considered appearance no less important. Each vessel was an individual production facility, and
shipbuilders tried to give it the features of a work of ship art.

Carved sculptural images of religious and mythological content, ornaments and gilding? everything went to the decoration of the ship. Especially a lot of decorations were on the bow and stern. Fig. 1 gives an idea of ​​this kind of decor. 9.14.

In the subsequent period of development of the sailing fleet (the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century), the decoration of the ships became more modest; sculptures, bas-reliefs from the stern practically disappear, only the nasal carvings remain. With the advent of metal and steam, shipbuilders completely abandon this kind of hull decoration.